{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T18:23:32Z","timestamp":1790274212964,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002660","name":"Islamic Azad University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002660","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thymol is a monoterpene phenolic derivative extracted from the <jats:italic>Thymus vulgaris<\/jats:italic> which has antimicrobial effects. In the present study, thymol\u2010loaded chitosan nanogels were prepared and their physicochemical properties were characterized. The encapsulation efficiency of thymol into chitosan and its stability were determined. The <jats:italic>in\u2005vitro<\/jats:italic> antimicrobial and anti\u2010biofilm activities of thymol\u2010loaded chitosan nanogel (Ty\u2010CsNG), free thymol (Ty), and free chitosan nanogel (CsNG) were evaluated against both Gram\u2010negative and Gram\u2010positive multidrug\u2010resistant (MDR) bacteria including <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumanii<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> strains using the broth microdilution and crystal violet assay, respectively. After treatment of MDR strains with sub\u2010minimum inhibitory concentration (Sub\u2010MIC) of Ty\u2010CsNG, free Ty and CsNG, biofilm gene expression analysis was studied. Moreover, cytotoxicity of Ty\u2010CsNG, free Ty, and CsNG against HEK\u2010293 normal cell line was determined using MTT (3\u2010(4,5\u2010dimethylthiazol\u20102\u2010yl)\u20102,5\u2010diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method. The average size of Ty\u2010CsNG was 82.71\u00b19.6\u2005nm, encapsulation efficiency was 76.54\u00b10.62\u2009% with stability up to 60\u2005days at 4\u2009\u00b0C. Antibacterial activity test revealed that Ty\u2010CsNG reduced the MIC by 4\u20136\u2005times in comparison to free thymol. In addition, the expression of biofilm\u2010related genes including <jats:italic>ompA<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>pgaB<\/jats:italic> were significantly down\u2010regulated after treatment of strains with Ty\u2010CsNG (<jats:italic>P&lt;<\/jats:italic>0.05). In addition, free CsNG displayed negligible cytotoxicity against HEK\u2010293 normal cell lines and presented a biocompatible nanoscale delivery system. Based on the results, it can be concluded that Ty\u2010CsNG can be considered a promising candidate for enhancing antimicrobial and anti\u2010biofilm activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202100426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T08:54:14Z","timestamp":1641459254000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Fabrication and Characterization of Thymol\u2010Loaded Chitosan Nanogels: Improved Antibacterial and Anti\u2010Biofilm Activities with Negligible Cytotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Tohid","family":"Piri\u2010Gharaghie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sina Borna Aria (SABA) Co., Ltd. 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Lab Biotechnology Research Center Islamic Azad University  Shahrekord Branch Shahrekord Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anali","family":"Riahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Basic Sciences Islamic Azad University  Shahrekord Branch Shahrekord Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda Jegargoshe","family":"Shirin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Basic Sciences Islamic Azad University  Damghan Branch Semnan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzad","family":"Badmasti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology Pasteur Institute of Iran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0941-7828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Mirzaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Islamic Azad University  Parand Branch Parand Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalda","family":"Elahianfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somayeh","family":"Ghahari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Taberestan (GABIT)  Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajjad","family":"Ghahari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Faculty of Basic Sciences Shahid Chamran University  Ahvaz Branch Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamal","family":"Pasban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Biology Research Center Zanjan Branch Islamic Azad University  Zanjan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shadi","family":"Hajrasouliha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Roudehen Branch Islamic Azad University  Roudehen Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.676510"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-021-01282-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37086"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"1325","article-title":"\u2018Molecular typing of nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus strains associated to biofilm based on the coagulase and protein A gene polymorphisms\u2019","volume":"19","author":"Salehzadeh H Zamani A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran. 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