{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T08:06:45Z","timestamp":1753862805663,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Majority of different kinds of metabolites having therapeutic characteristics are thought to be stored in medicinal plants. So, the present study was aimed to explore the crude extract of leaves and stem of <jats:italic>R. afghanicum<\/jats:italic> for phytochemical screening and various pharmacological activities. Toxicological studies at 100\u2005mg\/kg showed 60\u2009% mortality where its safe dose level was 90\u2005mg\/kg. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids and tannins in both extracts. Bacterial strains were susceptible to (RLEt) and (RLM) crude extracts except <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>. RSM showed maximum anti\u2010inflammatory activity (20.16\u2009%) followed by RSEt (20.14\u2009%) where lowest activity was displayed by RLEt (18.46\u2009%). Phytotoxic activity showed a substantial dose\u2010dependent phyto\u2010inhibition of <jats:italic>Lemna minor<\/jats:italic>. An outstanding cytotoxic potential was displayed with LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values of 9.46 and 13.03\u2005\u03bcg\/ml in both stem extracts. RLEt demonstrated a dose\u2010dependent pain relief at 30, 60 and 90\u2005mg\/kg which was 31\u2009%, 40\u2009% and 52\u2009% respectively. A considerable spasmolytic action was observed by the shrinkage of jejunum muscle in albino mice. RLEt at 1000\u2005ppm showed (17\u2005mm) and RLM at 1000\u2005ppm showed (16\u2005mm) zone of inhibition against <jats:italic>Aspergillus niger<\/jats:italic>. These findings support and corroborate the traditional applications of <jats:italic>R. afghanicum<\/jats:italic> for treating digestive, analgesic and inflammatory ailments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202301273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T10:16:09Z","timestamp":1700561769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacological Activities of <i>Rhododendron afghanicum<\/i>; an Endemic Species of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Khan","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany University of Peshawar  KPK 25120 Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadeem","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany University of Peshawar  KPK 25120 Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imran","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany University of Peshawar  KPK 25120 Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9458-3873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Nafees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany University of Peshawar  KPK 25120 Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40816-021-00271-7"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23924"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24224"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114744"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","DOI":"10.5530\/097627870185"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"1387","volume":"49","author":"Muhammad S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pak. 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