{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:48:11Z","timestamp":1780393691294,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) poses ongoing global health challenges due to its propensity for mutations, which can undermine vaccine efficacy. With no definitive treatment available, urgent research into affordable and biocompatible therapeutic agents is extremely urgent. Angiotensin converting enzyme\u20102 (ACE\u20102), transmembrane protease serine subtype 2 (TMPRSS2), and Furin enzymes, which allow the virus to enter cells, are particularly important as potential drug targets among scientists. Olive leaf extract (OLE) has garnered attention for its potential against Coronavirus Disease\u20109 (COVID\u201019), yet its mechanism remains understudied. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of OLE on ACE\u20102, TMPRSS2, and Furin protein expressions by cell culture study. Total phenol, flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity were measured by photometric methods, and oleuropein levels were measured by liquid LC\u2010HR\u2010MS. Cell viability was analyzed by ATP levels using a luminometric method. ACE\u20102, TMPRSS2, and Furin expressions were analyzed by the Western Blotting method. ACE\u20102, TMPRSS2, and Furin protein expression levels were significantly lower in a dose dependent manner and the highest inhibition was seen at 100\u2005\u03bcg\/ml OLE. The results showed that OLE may be a promising treatment candidate for COVID\u201019 disease. However, further studies need to be conducted in cells co\u2010infected with the virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202400717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T05:43:45Z","timestamp":1717566225000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Olive Leaf Extract Downregulates the Protein Expression of Key SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Entry Enzyme ACE\u20102, TMPRSS2, and Furin"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2335-412X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdurrahim","family":"Kocyigit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bezmialem Vak\u0131f University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry  Istanbul Turkey"},{"name":"Bezmialem Vakif University Traditional and Complementary Medicine Advanced Research Applications and Research Center  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7123-4600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebru","family":"Kan\u0131mdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bezmialem Vak\u0131f University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry  Istanbul Turkey"},{"name":"Bezmialem Vakif University Vocational School of Health Services  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8021-8629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vildan Betul","family":"Yenigun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bezmialem Vak\u0131f University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry  Istanbul Turkey"},{"name":"Bezmialem Vakif University Vocational School of Health Services  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8415-6883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeynep","family":"Ozman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bezmialem Vak\u0131f University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry  Istanbul Turkey"},{"name":"Bezmialem Vak\u0131f University Institute of Health Sciences  Medical Biochemistry Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3929-8890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatmanur Babal\u0131","family":"Bal\u0131bey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bezmialem Vak\u0131f University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0760-497X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezgi","family":"Durmu\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bezmialem Vak\u0131f University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry  Istanbul Turkey"},{"name":"Bezmialem Vak\u0131f University Institute of Health Sciences  Medical Biochemistry Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8439-2651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oznur","family":"Yasar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bezmialem Vak\u0131f University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_1","first-page":"91","volume":"10","author":"Vilar S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biolog."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-019-1259-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.879118"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-016-2726-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"940","volume":"28","author":"Kocyigit A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCIM"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2089"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA05126H"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702221108915"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035876"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202221"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15092"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.0c02958"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.594963"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28062470"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10702"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-021-01411-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5578\/mb.69019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2022.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.879118"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","first-page":"24","volume":"2","author":"Kirmizibekmez A. M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Health Sci. Life."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217572"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","unstructured":"R. Saif M.\u2005H. Raza T. Rehman M.\u2005O. Zafar S. Zia A.\u2005R. Qureshi ChemRxiv2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","first-page":"824","volume":"8","author":"\u0130stifli E. S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6575"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","first-page":"18","volume":"5","author":"Zahkok S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Pharmaceut. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)99017-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(98)00102-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2003.11.015"}],"container-title":["Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbdv.202400717","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T03:17:59Z","timestamp":1741749479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cbdv.202400717"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cbdv.202400717"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbdv.202400717","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1612-1872","1612-1880"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1612-1872","type":"print"},{"value":"1612-1880","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-03-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e202400717"}}