{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T10:34:14Z","timestamp":1788690854838,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739750400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Astragaloside IV (ATS) is an active component of\n                    <jats:italic>Astragalus membranaceus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which has immune regulation and anti\u2010inflammatory effects. However, owing to its large molecular weight and poor solubility in water, the therapeutic effects of ATS are limited. We aimed to prepare ATS\u2010chitosan (ATS\u2010CS) nanoparticles and determine their anti\u2010inflammatory effect and mechanism of action on RAW264.7 cells using metabolomics. The size of the ATS\u2010CS nanoparticles was 200.3\u00a0nm with a zeta potential of 30.5\u00a0mV, and the encapsulation rate and drug loading were 69% and 13%, respectively. ATS\u2010CS nanoparticles not only significantly decreased the increase of nitric oxide, interleukin\u20106, and tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 levels induced by lipopolysaccharide, but also exerted an anti\u2010inflammatory effect by acting on arginine and proline, glutathione, sphingolipid, glycerophospholipid, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. Our findings confirmed that ATS\u2010CS nanoparticles had good anti\u2010inflammatory activity and showed that the activity of high molecular weight could be increased by producing nanoparticles. Our study paves the way for exploring the mechanism of nanoparticles through metabolomics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202402234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T08:44:46Z","timestamp":1738399486000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Anti\u2010Inflammatory Effects of Astragaloside IV\u2013Chitosan Nanoparticles and Associated Anti\u2010Inflammatory Mechanisms Based on Liquid Chromatography\u2010Mass Spectrometry Metabolomic Analysis of RAW264.7 Cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5219-2724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingli","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Science Shanxi Medical University  Taiyuan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shasha","family":"Suo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Science Shanxi Medical University  Taiyuan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqiu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Science Shanxi Medical University  Taiyuan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Science Shanxi Medical University  Taiyuan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taigang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Science Shanxi Medical University  Taiyuan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2225-4110.114898"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1383"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208786369740"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4568401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2019.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X1750063X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"R.Ren \u201cAstragaloside Extraction and Synthesis of Water\u2010Soluble Prodrug Research \u201d (Tianjin University 2009)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"L.Guo \u201cStudies on Saponins Constituents FromAstragalua membranaceus(Fisch.) Bge. and the Structure Modification of Astragaloside IV \u201d (Southwest Jiaotong University 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"L.Qing A Preparation Method of Astragaloside Acid CN 2020104723217 2020\u20132008\u201318."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.176"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.06.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108053"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Effects of Astragaloside IV\u2010Lipid Polymerhybrid Nanoparticles on Rat Model Induced by Ischemia\u2010Reperfusion Injury","volume":"19","author":"Lai Z.","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Medical Herald"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"469","article-title":"Study on the Bioavailability of HP\u2010\u03b2\u2010Cyclodextrin Inclusion Compound Astragaloside IV in Rats","volume":"13","author":"Lin J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"China Pharmacist"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"615","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Absolute Bioavailability of Astragaloside IV Inclusion Compound","volume":"46","author":"Yu J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2009.12.020"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"1614","article-title":"Optimization of Prescription Process of Emodin\/Berberine Chitosan Dual Drug\u2010Loaded Nanoparticles by Box\u2010Behnken Response Surface Method","volume":"52","author":"Xie Q.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2016.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104562"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-016-0160-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Integrative Metabolomics, Proteomics and Transcriptomics Analysis Reveals Liver Toxicity of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles","volume":"13","author":"Li J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c01660"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-016-0115-y"},{"issue":"13","key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"2813","article-title":"Optimization of Determination Methods of Astragaloside IV and Analysis of Contents of Astragaloside IV in Different Origin and Grade","volume":"44","author":"Cao Q.","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","unstructured":"X.Li \u201cStudy on the Enhanced Antidepressant Effects and Synergistic Mechanisms of Chaihu\u2010Baishao Herb Pair and the Combination of Its Ingredients \u201d (Shanxi University 2021)."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Preparation and Property of Chitoson\u2010Pidotimod Nanoparticles","volume":"42","author":"Xie X.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Yichun University"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Preparation and Quality Evaluation of Vinorelbine Bitartrate\u2010Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles","volume":"34","author":"Gao F.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Northwest Pharmaceutical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.04.070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AIA.0b013e318034194e"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anti\u2010Inflammatory Components Isolated From Atractylodes Macrocephala in LPS\u2010Induced RAW264.7 Macrophages and BV2 Microglial Cells","volume":"65","author":"Jin H. 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