{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:26:20Z","timestamp":1792135580064,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The heartwood of <jats:italic>Caesalpinia sappan<\/jats:italic> Linn. (Sappan Lignum) has been traditionally utilized as an herbal drug in China for treating several diseases, including osteoporosis and wounds. This review presents a systematic summary of botanical, pharmacological, phytochemical, and pharmacokinetic characteristics; traditional applications; and safety profile of <jats:italic>C. sappan<\/jats:italic> to highlight requirements for conducting further studies on this plant and to report its potential uses. We conducted a literature search of relevant articles on <jats:italic>C. sappan<\/jats:italic> published in several databases. Additional information was collected from peer\u2010reviewed academic journals, doctoral dissertations, master's theses, and Chinese herbal medicine books. We confirmed plant taxonomy by searching The Plant List database (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.theplantlist.org\">http:\/\/www.theplantlist.org<\/jats:ext-link>). According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) literature, Sappan Lignum promotes blood circulation by eliminating blood stasis, induces detumescence, and provides pain relief. A total of 127 active components were identified and isolated from <jats:italic>C. sappan<\/jats:italic>; these include terpenoids, flavonoids, quinones, phenols, steroids, and alkaloids, showing protective effects against inflammation and carcinogenesis of cardio\u2010cerebrovascular, hepatic, and renal systems. According to recent pharmacological studies, <jats:italic>C. sappan<\/jats:italic> has several pharmacological applications for treating cancer, inflammation, and cardio\u2010cerebrovascular diseases. Most activities of <jats:italic>C. sappan<\/jats:italic> could be attributed to flavonoids; however, there is limited information regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms, metabolic activities, structure\u2013function relationships, and toxicology of the bioactive substances of <jats:italic>C. sappan<\/jats:italic>. Additional extensive investigations are required to analyze the medicinal properties of <jats:italic>C. sappan<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202402681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T22:47:21Z","timestamp":1746830841000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Traditional Uses and Phytochemical and Pharmacological Analyses of <i>Caesalpinia sappan<\/i> Linn."],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Qingmei","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiongxiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiqin","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongjun","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quzhou Forest Resources Conservation Center Quzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojie","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quzhou Wuxi River Potable Water Sources Protection and Management Center Quzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0281-3585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luping","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","volume-title":"Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China","author":"Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.76187.2","article-title":"Anticancer Activity of Caesalpinia sappan by Downregulating Mitochondrial Genes in A549 Lung Cancer Cell Line","volume":"11","author":"Widodo N.","year":"2022","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11112256","article-title":"Caesalpinia sappan Linn. 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C.Li \u201cScreening of Effective Components and Chemical Composition Analysis ofCaesalpinia sappanL \u201d (Shanxi University 2014):40."},{"key":"e_1_2_16_48_1","article-title":"Activity Screening of the Herb Caesalpinia sappan and an Analysis of Its Antitumor Effects","volume":"2021","author":"Li Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evidence\u2010Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S1875-5364(14)60092-3","article-title":"Inhibitory Activities of Lignum Sappan Extractives on Growth and Growth\u2010related Signaling of Tumor Cells","volume":"12","author":"Zhang Q.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/0717-6287-47-20","article-title":"Methanol Extract From Vietnamese Caesalpinia sappan Induces Apoptosis in HeLa Cells","volume":"47","author":"Hung T. 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