{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T04:15:57Z","timestamp":1769919357792,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rise of multidrug resistance (MDR) in pathogens presents a significant challenge to global health, particularly in poultry industries. This study explores the antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles (WcAgNPs) synthesized from <jats:italic>Withania coagulans<\/jats:italic> fruit extract against MDR <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> sp. and <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>. Phytochemical analysis of the fruit extract revealed a rich profile, including tannins, phenols, steroids, and terpenoids. Central composite design and response surface methodology (RSM) were utilized to optimize the synthesis parameters at pH 9, temperature 60\u00b0C, incubation for 24\u00a0h, wavelength 400\u00a0nm, and silver nitrate concentration of 3\u00a0mM. Characterization of WcAgNPs through FTIR, zeta sizer, SEM, EDX, and XRD confirmed their spherical shape, crystalline structure, and average size of 232.8\u00a0nm with a high silver content of 95.64%. Antibacterial tests showed significant inhibition, with zones of 26\u00a0mm against <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> sp. and 37\u00a0mm against <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 0.04\u00a0mg\/\u00b5L for <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> sp. and 0.002\u00a0mg\/\u00b5L for <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>. These findings highlight WcAgNPs as a promising therapeutic agent for controlling poultry infections. Future research should focus on in vivo trials to confirm their safety and efficacy. Successful application of WcAgNPs could revolutionize poultry health management, providing effective alternatives to traditional antibiotics and advancing sustainable farming practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202402839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T16:58:08Z","timestamp":1744045088000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antibacterial Effect of Silver Nanoparticles From <i>Withania coagulans<\/i> (Indian Rennet) Against Bacterial Pathogens of Broiler Chicken"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Qurat\u2010ul\u2010Ain","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Science &amp; Technology, Department of Zoology University of Education, Township  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farzeen","family":"Shafique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Science &amp; Technology, Department of Zoology University of Education, Township  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nimra","family":"Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Punjab  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ishrat","family":"Perveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GenEd and Molecular Biology Labs, Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Centre  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nazia","family":"Koser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Lahore  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Turki M.","family":"Dawoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Fareed","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Lahore  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumbal","family":"Nazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minhaj University Lahore  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Zubaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatima Iftikhar","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Lahore  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed Muhammad","family":"Aun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superior University  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3707-8461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Bourhia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Natural Resources Valorization, Faculty of Sciences Ibn Zohr University  Agadir Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beenish","family":"Zahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CVAS  Narowal Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hina","family":"Younis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-97072022000205477"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c00155"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/bvmj.2023.235050.1719"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.820048"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2023.103010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111993"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0975-3575(10)80066-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00376.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","volume-title":"Research in Early Childhood. 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP","author":"Nolan A.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.6.763"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010178"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/jsr.v3i2.7128"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2017.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.02.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/313081"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02772248.2014.972045"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8503426"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224065.2013.11917921"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Methanolic Fruit Extract of Withania coagulans L. 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