{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T19:12:36Z","timestamp":1784315556605,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Tulbaghia violacea<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an established medicinal plant that is indigenous to southern Africa. All its plant parts have been profiled for their phytochemical constituents and medicinal potentials except for the seeds and fruits. Thus, this study assessed the seeds (air\u2010dried) and fruits (freeze\u2010dried), extracted with six solvents, for their bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacities, and antibacterial activities. All the 10 tested phytochemicals were detected across the six solvents, with more phytochemicals detected in the fruits. The fruit aqueous extract gave the highest yield (37.4%), while the hexanoic fruit extract had the lowest extraction yield (3.27%). The fruit had higher phenolic content across the solvents except in methanol. Conversely, except in hexanoic extracts, the seed had higher total proanthocyanidin contents across the solvents. In addition, the fruit had a higher total antioxidant capacity than the seeds, similar to the observation in the 1,1\u2010diphenyl\u20102\u2010picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay.\n                    <jats:italic>T. violacea<\/jats:italic>\n                    fruit and seeds showed antibacterial activity against\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but this activity was dose\u2010dependent. However, neither the fruit nor the seed extract had any antibacterial effect on\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This study showed that\n                    <jats:italic>T. violacea<\/jats:italic>\n                    fruits and seeds may be additional resources with medicinal benefits for human use.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202403198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T16:19:36Z","timestamp":1739290776000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Bioactive Compound Characterization and Phytopharmacological Potentials of\n                    <i>Tulbaghia violacea<\/i>\n                    Fruits and Seeds"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4953-6370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca Opeyemi","family":"Oyerinde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0168-235X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ida Masana","family":"Risenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ajb.v7i6.58496"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcm.2018.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2014.0406"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.06.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33084\/bjop.v7i1.6035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2005.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25258\/phyto.v9i10.10453"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020313"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010233"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5445291"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Therapeutic Applications of Glycosides Obtained From Medicinal Plants","volume":"10","author":"Riaz T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Archives of Integrated Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2024.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37871\/jbres1482"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.102278"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1289206"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Comparative Study on the Phytochemical Content of the Seeds and Fruits of Three Cucurbits","volume":"3","author":"Ojo E. S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"FULafia Journal of Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10120504"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12050320"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9090284"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.13778"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines5030093"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-020-00161-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"1177","article-title":"Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Potential of Bulbine inflata (Asphodelaceae)","volume":"37","author":"Oyerinde R. O.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/2210315509666181214154345"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69722-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.01.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.628157"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2023.1158198"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA13315C"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2015.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2221-1691.242289"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJPP11.620"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2018.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0416-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189922"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.548492"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00852-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14070464"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13100677"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","article-title":"The Influence of Enterococcus faecalis as a Dental Root Canal Pathogen on Endodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Alghamdi F.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-024-00728-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78998-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-019-0343-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24448-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01054-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105963"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","unstructured":"\u201cAntimicrobial Resistance HypervirulentKlebsiella pneumoniae\u2014Global Situation \u201dhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease\u2010outbreak\u2010news\/item\/2024\u2010DON527."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2022-0097"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2023-0707"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0559-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1103476"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-018-9591-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10030318"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR12.1156"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"In Vitro Total Phenol, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Tulbaghia violacea Crude Extracts","volume":"26","author":"Rampana D. E.","year":"2023","journal-title":"African Journal of Biomedical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","first-page":"118","article-title":"The Influence of Extraction Methods on the Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Volatile Constituents of Tulbaghia violacea Harv. Cultivated in Egypt","volume":"4","author":"Eid H. H.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2015.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5873648"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Phytochemical Screening of Active Metabolites Present in Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms and Pistia stratiotes (L.): Role in Ethanomedicine","volume":"6","author":"Tyagi T.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","first-page":"4859","article-title":"Phytochemical Screening, Quantitative Analysis of Flavonoid and Minerals in Ethanolic Extract of Citrus paradisi","volume":"9","author":"Roghini R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/2469"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22271\/chemi.2020.v8.i2i.8834"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","first-page":"54","article-title":"Phytochemical Profile of Selected Morphological Organs of Cocos nucifera L.","volume":"6","author":"Akinyemi O. A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36348\/sb.2021.v07i01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","first-page":"70","article-title":"In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activities of Aqueous Extract of Strychonos henningsii Gilg","volume":"4","author":"Oyedemi S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2015.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14233\/ajchem.2021.23293"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics9020049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/aiht-2020-71-3396"}],"container-title":["Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbdv.202403198","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cbdv.202403198","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbdv.202403198","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T11:07:24Z","timestamp":1773227244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cbdv.202403198"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cbdv.202403198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbdv.202403198","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1612-1872","1612-1880"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1612-1872","type":"print"},{"value":"1612-1880","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e202403198"}}