{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T21:07:54Z","timestamp":1789420074023,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study explores the potential of <jats:italic>Thymus ciliatus<\/jats:italic> as a natural source of bioactive compounds by investigating its chemical composition and in vitro biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anti\u2010Alzheimer properties. The analysis of the essential oil was performed using gas chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry revealing \u03b1\u2010terpinenyl acetate (18.74%) and camphor (10.62%) as the major components. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using six methods. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using disc diffusion and well diffusion techniques. Antidiabetic activity was measured through a colorimetric assay, while anti\u2010Alzheimer activity was evaluated against butyrylcholinesterase. The results demonstrated that extracts from polar and medium\u2010polar solvents exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, followed by low\u2010polar solvent extracts. The essential oil of <jats:italic>T. ciliatus<\/jats:italic> displayed significant antimicrobial activity, particularly against <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>. Crude extracts also showed antimicrobial activity across all tested strains. The aqueous extract exhibited the strongest antidiabetic activity against \u03b1\u2010glucosidase (half\u2010maximal inhibitory concentration [IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>] = 2.56 \u00b1 0.06\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL), followed by the essential oil (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> = 57.11 \u00b1 4.39\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL). Furthermore, the dichloromethane extract demonstrated the highest anti\u2010Alzheimer activity with an IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of 0.26 \u00b1 0.20\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL. Based on these results, <jats:italic>T. ciliatus<\/jats:italic> represents a promising source of bioactive substances with potential therapeutic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202403318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T16:53:26Z","timestamp":1744217606000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antidiabetic, and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activities in Vitro of the Essential Oil and Crude Extracts of the Aerial Parts of <i>Thymus ciliatus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Nadia","family":"Djermane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Life Sciences Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Applications Larbi Tebessi University  Tebessa Algeria"},{"name":"Department of Natural and Life Sciences Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Larbi Tebessi University  Tebessa Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostapha","family":"Brahmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Relizane  Relizane Algeria"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Biotoxicology, Pharmacognosy and Biological Valorization of Plants (LBPVBP) University of Dr Moulay Tahar  Saida Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djallal Eddine","family":"Adli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Biotoxicology, Pharmacognosy and Biological Valorization of Plants (LBPVBP) University of Dr Moulay Tahar  Saida Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micaela","family":"Gliozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology IRC\u2010FSH Center University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro  Catanzaro Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Musolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology IRC\u2010FSH Center University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro  Catanzaro Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebbas","family":"Khellaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Agro\u2010Biotechnology and Nutrition in Arid and Semi\u2010Arid Areas Ibn Khaldoun University  Tiaret Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramazan","family":"Erenler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Faculty Of Art and Science, Plant Research Laboratory Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University  Tokat Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabah","family":"Arhab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Life Sciences Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Larbi Tebessi University  Tebessa Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8535-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Garzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug Sapienza University  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The History, Botany and Taxonomy of the Genus Thymus","volume":"1","author":"Morales R.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyme: The Genus Thymus"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.2174\/1876396001205010174","article-title":"Synergistic Effect of Honey and Thymus ciliatus Against Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"5","author":"Abdellah F.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Nutraceuticals Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2004.04.015","article-title":"Antioxidative Activity of the Essential Oils of Thymus sipyleus Subsp. sipyleus Var. sipyleus and Thymus sipyleus Subsp. 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