{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T23:40:36Z","timestamp":1773013236995,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Skin pigmentation disorders such as melasma, hyperpigmentation and age spots are primarily associated with excessive melanin production and are a significant dermatological concern. To address this issue, the present study aimed to develop an effective skin\u2010lightening formulation by synergising the therapeutic benefits of andrographolide with the skin permeation\u2010enhancing properties of Mahua oil. A two\u2010factor factorial design was employed to formulate and optimise the emulgel using a quality by design (QbD) approach. The optimised formulation (AG\u20106) was subjected to a series of evaluations, including preliminary characterisation, biocompatibility analysis, in vivo skin uptake studies and tyrosinase inhibition assays. Biocompatibility assessment revealed a 92.64% viability of human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells after 24\u00a0h of AG\u20106 treatment, indicating low cytotoxicity. Tyrosinase inhibition was observed at 28.94\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL for AG\u20106, which is comparable to the reference standard Kojic acid (25.37\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL). Furthermore, molecular docking studies demonstrated that andrographolide exhibited a stronger binding affinity with tyrosinase\u2010related protein 1 (TYR1, PDB ID: 5M8L), with a binding energy of \u22127.9\u00a0kcal\/mol, as compared to kojic acid (\u22125.6\u00a0kcal\/mol). These findings suggest that the optimised emulgel AG\u20106 holds significant potential for the management of skin pigmentation disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202500166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T13:49:23Z","timestamp":1751032163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Andrographolide and Mahua Oil\u2010Infused Emulgels: A Comprehensive QbD, In Vitro, and In Silico Strategy for Skin Pigmentation Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"N. V. L.","family":"Sirisha Mulukuri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy Nitte College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nitte (Deemed to be University)  Bengaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ranjitha","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS) Nitte (Deemed to be University)  Mangaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sujeet","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Nitte College of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Nitte Deemed to be University)  Bengaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nishith","family":"Teraiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry K.B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kadi Sarva Vishvavidhyalay  Gandhinagar Gujarat India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Digambar B.","family":"Yevale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Piramal Pharma Limited Pharmaceutical SEZ, Matoda, Sanand  Ahmedabad Gujarat India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3504-0726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pankaj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS) Nitte (Deemed to be University)  Mangaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14260"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S245043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28124839"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073727"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020734"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115574"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics3040036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.19.2.3208-3233"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jidsymp.2008.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","article-title":"Physiological Activities of the King of Bitters (Andrographis paniculata): A Review","volume":"15","author":"Bhaisare S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/846740"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Andrographolide From Andrographis paniculata Leaf and Its Extraction Optimization by Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction","volume":"13","author":"Rabeah A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Tropical Life Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2015.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8546-5-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a023267"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"128","article-title":"Melanogenesis Inhibition Effect of Ethanolic Andrographis paniculata Leaf Extract via Suppression of Tyrosinase and MITF Expression","volume":"13","author":"Adam R. 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