{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T21:04:49Z","timestamp":1768338289590,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Schisandra sphenanthera<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Schisandra sphenanthera<\/jats:italic> Rehd. et Wils) is first recorded in the Shennong Bencao Jing (Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica). It is clinically effective in Neire Xiaoke. In traditional Chinese medicine, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can be broadly classified as a \u201cthirst\u2010quenching disease\u201d based on its clinical manifestations. However, the mechanism of action of <jats:italic>S. sphenanthera<\/jats:italic> in the treatment of T2DM remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the mechanism of the total dichloromethane extraction phase of ethanol extract from <jats:italic>S. sphenanthera<\/jats:italic> (T\u2010SDP) in treating T2DM and preventing its complication\u2010 brain injury by regulating the gut\u2010brain axis. The main ingredients of T\u2010SDP were identified by gas chromatograph\u2010mass spectrometer analysis. High\u2010sugar and high\u2010fat feeding combined with streptozotocin injection\u2010induced T2DM rats were used to assess the antidiabetic effect and mechanism of T\u2010SDP. We performed untargeted metabolomics to analyze intestinal contents and polymerase chain reaction and western blot to analyze the expression of intestinal sweet taste receptors (STRs). Additionally, we employed proteomics and immunohistochemistry to detect protein changes in rat brain tissue. The data revealed that T\u2010SDP was mainly composed of lignins and terpenes. It improved glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and antioxidant capacity of brain tissue in T2DM rats. T\u2010SDP regulated intestinal metabolite levels and increased the expression of T1R2, T1R3, TRPM5, Ga gust, and PG mRNA and TRPM5, T1R3, Ga gust, and GLP\u20101 proteins in the intestine. In addition, T\u2010SDP regulated proteins in brain tissues of T2DM rats. T\u2010SDP is effective in treating T2DM and its complication\u2013brain injury by modulating intestinal metabolites and STR pathway to activate the gut\u2010brain axis and increase synaptic plasticity in brain tissue to lower blood glucose and improve insulin resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202500682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T17:48:37Z","timestamp":1749145717000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the Effects of Effective Parts of <i>Schisandra sphenanthera<\/i> on the Gut\u2010Brain Axis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rats Based on Metabolomic and Proteomic Approaches"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Jiao\u2010Jiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang 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China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua\u2010Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang China"},{"name":"Key Research Laboratory of the Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Province: Research and Application of Tai Bai Seven Medicines Xianyang China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong\u2010Dong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang China"},{"name":"Key Research Laboratory of the Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Province: Research and Application of Tai Bai Seven Medicines Xianyang 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Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Mechanical and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine Xianyang China"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116780"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.105748"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.02.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28400"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00068","article-title":"Inhibition of 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