{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T07:02:52Z","timestamp":1775890972461,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study evaluated the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of bovine serum albumin\u2013gold nanoclusters (BSA\u2013GNCs) against planktonic and antibiotic\u2010resistant bacteria. BSA\u2013GNCs were synthesized and characterized using UV spectrofluorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta sizing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)\u2013energy\u2010dispersive x\u2010ray (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities were assessed against four bacterial strains:\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A characteristic UV absorption peak at 500\u00a0nm, along with a visible color change, confirmed successful GNC formation. FTIR spectra showed prominent functional groups at 598.33, 1102.79, 1261.21, 1637.84, 2923.54, and 3430.76\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and the mean hydrodynamic diameter measured 22.72\u00a0nm. BSA\u2013GNC exposure induced moderate cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells at concentrations above 40\u00a0\u00b5g\/\u00b5L. Treatment with 40\u00a0\u00b5g\/\u00b5L BSA\u2013GNCs significantly enhanced bacterial growth inhibition zones (KP: 28\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.44\u00a0mm; SA: 27.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.45\u00a0mm; PA: 31.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.91\u00a0mm; EF: 29.75\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.5\u00a0mm) after 24\u00a0h. TEM imaging of BSA\u2013GNC\u2010treated bacteria revealed shrunken, disrupted cells with degenerated cytoplasm. Additionally, BSA\u2013GNC treatment markedly reduced biofilm formation at both 24 and 48\u00a0h compared with untreated controls. These findings indicate that BSA\u2013GNCs enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, leading to impaired bacterial growth and biofilm formations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202500865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T09:52:02Z","timestamp":1765187522000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synergistic Effect of Bovine Serum Albumin\u2013Gold Nanoclusters Against Antibiotic\u2010Resistant Bacterial Sustainability and Biofilm Fabrication"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mana A.","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornea Research Chair Department of Optometry College of Applied Medical Sciences King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi 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