{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T14:46:47Z","timestamp":1783608407578,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Obesity is a widespread health issue, closely associated with metabolic conditions like Type 2 diabetes and heart disease.\n                    <jats:italic>Salicornia europaea<\/jats:italic>\n                    L. (SE), a halophytic coastal herb, has gained attention for its potential as a natural therapeutic agent. The anti\u2010obesity activity of SE\u2010ETAC was examined in vitro in 3T3\u2010L1 cells treated during adipocyte differentiation. Lipid accumulation, cholesterol, triglycerides, and glycerol release were measured, while protein markers for adipogenesis and browning were analyzed by Western blot. ROS and cytokine levels were assessed using fluorescence microscopy and ELISA. Mechanistic insights were further examined using zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), CoPP, and compound C, and GC\u2013MS was conducted to identify active constituents. SE\u2010ETAC significantly inhibited adipogenesis and promoted lipolysis, reducing lipid accumulation, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels while increasing free glycerol. It also lowered reactive oxygen species (ROS) and suppressed proinflammatory cytokines (IL\u20106, IL\u20101\u03b2, and TNF\u2010\u03b1). Mechanistically, SE\u2010ETAC exerted its effects primarily through upregulation of the heme oxygenase\u20101 (HO\u20101)\/nuclear factor erythroid 2\u2010related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, with ZnPP\u2010mediated HO\u20101 inhibition nearly abolishing its efficacy. In contrast, AMP\u2010activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibition with compound C only partially reduced its effects. Furthermore, SE\u2010ETAC induced adipose browning by upregulating AMPK, PRDM16, UCP1, and PGC\u20101\u03b1, facilitating the conversion of white adipocytes into metabolically active beige cells and enhancing energy expenditure. SE\u2010ETAC demonstrates strong anti\u2010obesity potential by targeting multiple mechanisms, including suppression of adipogenesis, enhancement of lipolysis, reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation, and promotion of adipose browning. These effects are mainly mediated by the HO\u20101\/Nrf2 pathway, which showed a stronger influence on SE\u2010ETAC's anti\u2010obesity actions than AMPK signaling. Overall, these findings support the development of\n                    <jats:italic>S. europaea<\/jats:italic>\n                    L. as a functional, plant\u2010based intervention for obesity and metabolic health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202501190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T19:29:40Z","timestamp":1754508580000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<i>Salicornia europaea<\/i>\n                    L. Ethyl Acetate Fraction Induces Adipocyte Browning and Exhibits Anti\u2010Obesity Effect in 3T3\u2010L1 Preadipocytes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Indyaswan T.","family":"Suryaningtyas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Marine\u2010Integrated Bionics Technology Pukyong National University  Busan Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Center for Food Technology and Processing National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)  Yogyakarta Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won\u2010Kyo","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Food Technology and Processing National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)  Yogyakarta Indonesia"},{"name":"Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University  Busan Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare, College of Information Technology and Convergence and New\u2010Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus) Pukyong National University  Busan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sei\u2010Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Human Bioconvergence, Division of Smart Healthcare Pukyong National University  Busan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4800-0566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae\u2010Young","family":"Je","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Human Bioconvergence, Division of Smart Healthcare Pukyong National University  Busan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"New Trends Approach for Management of Obesity","volume":"13","author":"Prasad M. 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