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In vitro results revealed that EAHEx had a significant antioxidant capacity. In vivo, diclofenac administration (150\u00a0mg\/kg) in mice induced extensive damage to the gastric mucosa. Nevertheless, pretreatment with EAHEx (100\u00a0mg\/kg) of mice was observed to provide protection against diclofenac\u2010induced ulcers over ranitidine (20\u00a0mg\/kg) in the sense of not permitting the development of gastric ulcers and also reducing the ulcer index (UI), increasing GSH, enhancing gastric mucus secretion and antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD, CAT, GPx and GST) and reducing MDA. Liquid chromatography analysis of EAHEx identified nine phenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acids) that had in silico high binding energy to the gastric proton pump (H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010ATPase), good membrane permeation, good distribution, and a good elimination profile due to their high solubility compared to omeprazole and ranitidine.\n                    <jats:italic>E. arborea<\/jats:italic>\n                    had antioxidant and anti\u2010ulcer activity, and therefore it is a potential candidate for future drug development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202501416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T18:09:46Z","timestamp":1763143786000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antioxidant and 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