{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T23:41:44Z","timestamp":1773013304009,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]],"date-time":"2025-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]],"date-time":"2025-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752364800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from insulin dysfunction or resistance. The global rise in diabetes prevalence has intensified the search for novel therapeutic agents with improved efficacy and minimal side effects. Natural products offer a promising reservoir of bioactive compounds with potential antidiabetic properties. In this study, four secondary metabolites lupeol (\n                    <jats:bold>1<\/jats:bold>\n                    ), fagaramide (\n                    <jats:bold>2<\/jats:bold>\n                    ), sesamin (\n                    <jats:bold>3<\/jats:bold>\n                    ), and\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010isobutylcinnamamide (\n                    <jats:bold>4<\/jats:bold>\n                    ) were isolated from the stem bark of\n                    <jats:italic>Zanthoxylum mildbraedii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Their \u03b1\u2010amylase inhibitory activities were evaluated in vitro, alongside in silico docking and pharmacokinetic profiling. All four compounds exhibited moderate \u03b1\u2010amylase inhibition (IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a016.38\u201327.73\u00a0mM) compared to the standard drug acarbose (IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a011.98\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.07\u00a0mM). Kinetic analysis revealed distinct modes of inhibition: lupeol and sesamin exhibited noncompetitive inhibition, fagaramide showed mixed\u2010type inhibition, and\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010isobutylcinnamamide demonstrated competitive inhibition. Molecular docking against human \u03b1\u2010amylase (PDB ID: 1XH2) supported these findings, with favorable binding affinities (\u22128.8 to \u22126.9\u00a0kcal\/mol). Furthermore, in silico ADME profiling indicated that all compounds adhered to Lipinski's rule of five, exhibited acceptable hydrogen bonding characteristics, favorable topological polar surface areas, and good predicted GI absorption and oral bioavailability. These findings suggest that the isolated compounds from\n                    <jats:italic>Z. mildbraedii<\/jats:italic>\n                    possess promising \u03b1\u2010amylase inhibitory potential and drug\u2010like properties, indicating their potential as lead candidates for further development of natural antidiabetic therapeutics. Their favorable pharmacokinetic attributes and multimodal inhibition mechanisms highlight the significance of this study in contributing to the discovery of safer, plant\u2010derived agents for diabetes management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202501439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]],"date-time":"2025-07-13T19:35:15Z","timestamp":1752435315000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antidiabetic Activity of Compounds Isolated From\n                    <i>Zanthoxylum mildbraedii<\/i>\n                    : An In Vitro \u03b1\u2010Amylase Inhibition and In Silico Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Emily N.","family":"Wekesa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Science University of Embu  Embu Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prince","family":"Ojuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Science University of Embu  Embu Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles O.","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Maseno University  Maseno Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilberforce","family":"Ndarawit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Science University of Embu  Embu Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah N.","family":"Kituyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Embu  Embu Kenya"},{"name":"The Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonidah K.","family":"Omosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Nairobi  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cleydson B. R.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Modeling and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences and Health Federal University of Amap\u00e1  Macap\u00e1 Amap\u00e1 Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, Health Science Institute Federal University of Par\u00e1  Bel\u00e9m Par\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5171-1940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Njogu M.","family":"Kimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Science University of Embu  Embu Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"838","article-title":"A review on diabetes mellitus: Type 1 & type 2","volume":"9","author":"Kumar R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4929824"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26020293"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"Diabetes Atlas","author":"International Diabetes Federation","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6644004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069330"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-021-00004-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2013.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9070920"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"Ethnobotanical Survey and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Medicinal Plants used by the Samburu Community (Kenya) for treatment of Diarrhorea","volume":"5","author":"Omwenga E. 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