{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:01:41Z","timestamp":1785484901774,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical diversity and biological activities of\n                    <jats:italic>Aesculus indica<\/jats:italic>\n                    along an altitudinal gradient in the Garhwal Himalaya encompassing Khirsu (1807\u00a0m), Adwani (2109\u00a0m), and Kanchula\u2010Kharak (2637\u00a0m). Bark extracts were prepared using acetone, methanol, and distilled water. The acetone extract (AE) of Adwani exhibited the highest phenol (276.70\u00a0mg GAE\/g), flavonoid (995.51\u00a0mg QE\/g), and tannin content (857.08\u00a0mg TAE\/g), while the highest flavonol (133.08\u00a0mg RE\/g) was obtained from Khirsu. Antioxidant activity was evaluated via DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. Adwani's AE showed the lowest DPPH IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    (8.90\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL), Khirsu's methanol extract the highest ABTS inhibition (70.85%), and Kanchula\u2010Kharak's AE the highest FRAP value (23.69\u00a0mmol Fe\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    E\/mg). Antibacterial activity was tested against\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The AE of Kanchula\u2010Kharak showed the largest inhibition against\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (27.33\u00a0mm), while Adwani's AE exhibited the lowest MIC (2.812\u00a0mg\/mL) and MBC (3.75\u00a0mg\/mL) against\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Secondary metabolite content, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity positively correlated with altitude (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.96). GC\u2013MS profiling revealed altitude\u2010linked variation in compounds such as phenolic esters, hydrocarbons, phytosterols, triterpenoids, and fatty acid esters. This suggests that evaluating plants across elevations refines phytochemical source selection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202502216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T19:44:19Z","timestamp":1762631059000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antibacterial, Antioxidant Potential, and Chemodiversity of\n                    <i>Aesculus indica<\/i>\n                    Bark Extracts Along the Garhwal Himalayan Altitudinal Gradient"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9622-6246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Namita","family":"Khantwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology H.N.B. Garhwal University  Srinagar Garhwal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandra Mohan","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology H.N.B. Garhwal University  Srinagar Garhwal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumeet","family":"Gairola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology H.N.B. Garhwal University  Srinagar Garhwal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun K.","family":"Jugran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment  Srinagar Garhwal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1587337"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12231\u2010022\u201009554\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915\u2010022\u201001285\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020\u2010016\u20100108\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1659\/mrd.00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202500471"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42535\u2010024\u201001052\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2025.2481615"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst12020252"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51470\/bca.2024.24.1.847"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","volume-title":"Flora of the District Garhwal, Northwest Himalaya: With Ethnobotanical Notes","author":"Gaur R. 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