{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T13:13:50Z","timestamp":1773494030109,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759536000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Gmelina philippensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an ornamental plant from the family Lamiaceae. From published data, not enough information concerning our targeted species' active constituents or even cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects. In accordance, this study aimed to investigate the phytoconstituents through GC\u2012MS and HPLC\u2012ESI\u2012MS\/MS analysis, followed by assessing antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities and elucidating the mechanism via an in silico study. GC\u2012MS revealed 25 compounds, 1,2,5,6\u2010tetrahydroxy\u20109,10\u2010dimethyl anthracene and 5\u2010phenyl undecane benzene, 1\u2010butyl heptyl, of the highest concentrations. Thirty compounds, mainly flavonoids and phenolic acids, were identified through HPLC\u2012ESI\u2012MS\/MS. Cytotoxicity was evaluated against five cancer cell lines, including A\u2010549, WI\u201038, HepG\u20102, HCT\u2010116, and MCF\u20107, and using cisplatin as a reference drug. The highest activity was on HCT\u2010116 cells, with an IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 1.56\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity with ciprofloxacin as a positive control showed potent antimicrobial activity. In silico study indicated that compounds, including 1,2,5,6\u2010tetrahydroxy\u20109,10\u2010dimethylanthracene from GC\u2012MS analysis and isorhamnetin\u20103\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010rutinoside from LC\u2012ESI\u2012MS\/MS analysis, demonstrated potential binding affinities with docking scores of \u22126.912 and \u22129.306\u00a0kcal\/mol, respectively. Such highly negative docking scores reflect strong binding interactions with the EGFR protein, suggesting their potential to inhibit its kinase activity and thereby contribute to the observed anticancer effects. Finding implies anticancer effects observed in the extract could be associated with their potential to inhibit the EGFR protein, a key target involved in cancer cell proliferation and survival. In conclusion,\n                    <jats:italic>G. philippensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    can be a successful natural substitute with fewer side effects than synthetic agents.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202502239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T17:56:30Z","timestamp":1759600590000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metabolic Profiling GC\u2012MS, HPLC\u2012ESI\u2012MS\/MS, In Vitro, and In Silico Assessment of the Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Effects of\n                    <i>Gmelina philippensis<\/i>\n                    Cham. Bark Extract"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5609-7436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa A. A.","family":"Fayed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Sadat City Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iman S. A.","family":"Khallaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Department, Faculty of Pharmacy Menoufia University  Shibin Elkom Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohit","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical &amp; Allied Sciences K.R. Mangalam University  Gurugram India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iqrar","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Prof. Ravindra Nikam College of Pharmacy  Dhule India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanaa M.","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy Assiut University  Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12225-012-9382-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/bfsa.2018.62468"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","article-title":"Exploration of Medicinal Phyto\u2010Diversity of the Semi\u2010Arid Area in Punjab Province, Pakistan","volume":"30","author":"Akram M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"A Checklist of the Orders and Families of Medicinal Plants in the Philippines","volume":"27","author":"Carag H.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sylvatrop"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"Plant Resources of South\u2010East Asia","author":"Chung R.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","unstructured":"U.GodofredoandJ.StuartPhilippine Alternative Medicine 2003 http:\/\/www.stuartxchange.org\/AltMed.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10600\u2010014\u20101147\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031\u20109422(00)00060\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115938"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24112053"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02818582"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2018.01.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-13-243"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/jpt.2007.681.697"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10086-016-1583-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2009.9700165"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"136","article-title":"Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopic (GCMS) Analysis of some Bioactive Compounds Form Five Medicinally Relevant Wild Edible Plants","volume":"6","author":"Mahadkar S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","article-title":"Chemical Investigation of Aerial Parts of Gmelina asiatica Linn by GC\u2010MS","volume":"1","author":"Merlin N.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacognosy Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"FTIR and GC\u2010MS Spectral Analysis of Gmelina asiatica L. 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