{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T09:09:08Z","timestamp":1788858548027,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Hypertension (HTN) remains a major global health challenge and a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity. The limitations of conventional antihypertensive therapies, including high cost and side effects, highlight the need for alternative interventions. This study evaluated the antioxidant and antihypertensive properties of\n                    <jats:italic>F. exasperata<\/jats:italic>\n                    leaf Vahl extracts using\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    approaches. Aqueous (AE) and ethanol (EE) extracts were analyzed for total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Antioxidant activity was assessed by 2,2\u2010diphenyl\u20101\u2010picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'\u2010azino\u2010bis(3\u2010ethylbenzothiazoline\u20106\u2010sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, while angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity was compared with captopril. Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) analysis identified phytochemical constituents. Network pharmacology and molecular docking targeted oxidative stress\u2010induced hypertension\u2010related targets, and molecular dynamics simulations evaluated ligand\u2013protein stability. EE showed higher flavonoid content (274.09\u00a0mg QE\/g) and stronger antioxidant activity (DPPH IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 6.00\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL) than AE. In contrast, AE demonstrated superior ACE inhibition (IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 5.14\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL), comparable to captopril (IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 5.17\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL). GC\u2010MS identified 77 compounds in EE and 40 in AE, including bioactives with antioxidant effects. Docking analysis revealed strong affinities with nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) and ACE, and simulations confirmed stable ligand\u2013NOS3 interactions. These findings support the therapeutic potential of\n                    <jats:italic>F. exasperata<\/jats:italic>\n                    in HTN management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202502404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T19:20:27Z","timestamp":1786044027000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antioxidant and Antihypertensive Activities of\n                    <i>Ficus exasperata<\/i>\n                    Vahl Leaves: Integrated\n                    <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Evaluation and\n                    <i>In Silico<\/i>\n                    Multi\u2010Target Mechanistic Insights"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8129-7875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Fajana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry School of Basic Medical Sciences Babcock University  Ilisan\u2010Remo Ogun State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ijeoma","family":"Esiaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry School of Basic Medical Sciences Babcock University  Ilisan\u2010Remo Ogun State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Global Report on Hypertension: The Race Against a Silent Killer World Health Organization 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14147"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(12)60861\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000083"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"358","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Hypertension: Possibility of Hypertension Therapy With Antioxidants","volume":"19","author":"Baradaran A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22146\/jfps.666"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18811\/ijpen.v10i01.03"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/japtr.JAPTR_402_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jcim\u20102022\u20100416"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"543","article-title":"Pharmacognosy and Hypotensive Evaluation of Ficus exasperata Vahl (Moraceae) Leaf","volume":"64","author":"Ayinde B. 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