{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:01:49Z","timestamp":1785484909698,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Climate change and nutrient limitations increasingly hinder seed germination and early seedling establishment, highlighting the need for sustainable enhancement strategies. This study evaluates a green nanopriming approach using chitosan\u2010stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized via an aqueous, low\u2010energy co\u2010precipitation process that employs biodegradable chitosan and avoids hazardous reagents, fully aligning with green chemistry principles. Lettuce seeds were primed in a 1\u00a0ppm nanoparticle suspension for 2, 6, 8, 16, and 24\u00a0h to identify the optimal priming duration. Chitosan markedly improved nanoparticle dispersion and colloidal stability, producing a strongly positive surface charge (+35.5\u00a0mV) that enhanced nanoparticle\u2013seed interactions. The 8\u2010h priming treatment yielded the greatest improvements, achieving a germination rate of 96.67% alongside the highest shoot and root elongation and biomass accumulation. Longer exposures (16 and 24\u00a0h) reduced performance, suggesting potential overstimulation or early metabolic imbalance. These enhancements likely arise from improved iron bioavailability, nanoparticle stability, and stimulation of early metabolic activation. A pilot\u2010scale cost assessment demonstrated excellent economic feasibility, with production costs of only $4.40 per 10\u2010L batch, supporting scalability for agricultural use. Overall, optimizing nanopriming duration using chitosan\u2010stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles offers a sustainable, economical, and environmentally responsible approach to strengthen crop establishment under stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202502426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T12:13:56Z","timestamp":1767874436000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimizing Nanopriming Duration: Chitosan\u2010Stabilized Iron Oxide Enhances Lettuce Seedling Performance and Cost\u2010Effectiveness"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Nurfarwizah","family":"Adzuan Hafiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EMZI\u2010UiTM Nanoparticles Colloids &amp; Interface Industrial Research Laboratory (NANO\u2010CORE), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus  Permatang Pauh Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1774-8344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca Awal","family":"Sembada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Technology Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB)  Bandung Indonesia"},{"name":"Research Center for New and Renewable Energy, ITB  Bandung Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3502-4769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Syazwan","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMZI\u2010UiTM Nanoparticles Colloids &amp; Interface Industrial Research Laboratory (NANO\u2010CORE), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus  Permatang Pauh Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0270-424X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noor Fitrah","family":"Abu Bakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA  Shah Alam Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8619-8780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad Sufian","family":"So'aib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMZI\u2010UiTM Nanoparticles Colloids &amp; Interface Industrial Research Laboratory (NANO\u2010CORE), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus  Permatang Pauh Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0048-8486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I. Wuled","family":"Lenggoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)  Koganei Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.AGRFORMET.2019.107862"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.AGRFORMET.2022.109279"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BAMBOO.2025.100143"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSOMEGA.9B03210\/SUPPL_FILE\/AO9B03210_SI_001.PDF"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/AGRICULTURE9090201"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255258"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/AGRONOMY11112194"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12071601"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/AGRONOMY10050639"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1755\u20101315\/1216\/1\/012033"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12050982"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/BS.AGRON.2022.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41467\u2010024\u201051741\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25173981"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37934\/ARMNE.22.1.5667"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12302\u2010024\u201001011\u20107\/TABLES\/2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PLAPHY.2023.108297"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCENV.2024.100100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.108275"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JSCS.2016.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/TOXSCI\/KFM240"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/BIOCONF\/20249101005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S41204\u2010025\u201000443\u20107\/METRICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1755\u20101315\/1271\/1\/012085"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CARBPOL.2014.12.084"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACS.LANGMUIR.1C02056\/SUPPL_FILE\/LA1C02056_SI_001.PDF"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/PHARMACEUTICS14091798"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S11051\u2010008\u20109446\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S10646\u2010017\u20101758\u20107"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"Seed Priming Durations and Concentrations Influence on Germination and Seedling Growth of Bitter Gourd","volume":"45","author":"Debbarma A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vegetable Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SJBS.2021.11.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJBIOMAC.2024.134750"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12951\u2010022\u201001423\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/PLANTS13030446"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSANM.4C02607\/ASSET\/IMAGES\/LARGE\/AN4C02607_0008.JPEG"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/AGRONOMY15081829"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PLAPHY.2024.108895"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/AGRONOMY13122932"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polysaccharides4020010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENVPOL.2024.123300"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1755\u20101315\/788\/1\/012059"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11152015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/PLANTS12173126"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PLANA.2024.100096"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SJBS.2021.07.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/NANO13142110"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00344\u2010023\u201010981\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SAJB.2023.09.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S40820\u2010023\u201001025\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S42729\u2010024\u201001691\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","unstructured":"\u201cCompanies Developing Metal Organic Frameworks\u2014Thunder Said Energy \u201d accessed June 25 2025 https:\/\/thundersaidenergy.com\/downloads\/metal\u2010organic\u2010frameworks\u2010what\u2010challenges\u2010and\u2010opportunities\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","unstructured":"\u201cCommercial & Industrial\u2014Tenaga Nasional Berhad \u201d accessed October 16 2025 https:\/\/www.tnb.com.my\/commercial\u2010industrial."}],"container-title":["Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbdv.202502426","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cbdv.202502426","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbdv.202502426","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T07:55:43Z","timestamp":1785484543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cbdv.202502426"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cbdv.202502426"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbdv.202502426","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1612-1872","1612-1880"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1612-1872","type":"print"},{"value":"1612-1880","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02426"}}