{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:01:29Z","timestamp":1785484889436,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Terminalia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (family Combretaceae) are widely used to treat a wide variety of ailments, including bacterial infections. The antibacterial activities of multiple\n                    <jats:italic>Terminalia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. have been verified experimentally. Several studies have reported inhibitory activity for\n                    <jats:italic>Terminalia catappa<\/jats:italic>\n                    L. against some bacteria, including a limited number of gastrointestinal pathogens. In contrast, the growth\u2010inhibitory effects of several native Australian species against gastrointestinal pathogens have not yet been evaluated. This study screens the bacterial growth inhibition activity of\n                    <jats:italic>T. catappa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>T. microcarpa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>T. muelleri<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>T. canescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    leaf extracts against a panel of gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens. Solvents with different polarities were used to extract different complements of phytoconstituents from the dried leaves. The\n                    <jats:italic>T. canescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    methanol extract displayed noteworthy activity against\n                    <jats:italic>A. hydrophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (960\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL). In contrast, none of the ethyl acetate extracts prepared from any species tested displayed bacterial growth inhibitory activity. Notably, combinations of the\n                    <jats:italic>Terminalia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. extracts and selected conventional antibiotics yielded 15 synergistic, 59 additive, 79 non\u2010interactive, and 29 antagonistic interactions. All the plant extracts were deemed to be nontoxic in human dermal fibroblast cell line assays, except the\n                    <jats:italic>T. muelleri<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>T. microcarpa<\/jats:italic>\n                    methanol extracts and the\n                    <jats:italic>T. canescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    water extract.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202502455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T03:53:02Z","timestamp":1765597982000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibacterial and Antibiotic Potentiation Activities of Selected Australian\n                    <i>Terminalia<\/i>\n                    spp. Against Gastrointestinal Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Jawad Yousaf","family":"Zai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre For Planetary Health and Food Security Griffith University  Brisbane Australia"},{"name":"School of Environment and Science Griffith University  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew James","family":"Cheesman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Griffith University  Southport Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8732-8513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian Edwin","family":"Cock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre For Planetary Health and Food Security Griffith University  Brisbane Australia"},{"name":"School of Environment and Science Griffith University  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2004.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/Nejm200012283432610"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"The Global Burden of Diarrhoeal Disease, as Estimated From Studies Published Between 1992 and 2000","volume":"81","author":"Kosek M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966\u2010842x(00)88937\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/Aac.47.9.2732\u20102739.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454\u2010199402000\u201000011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140\u20106736(91)93116\u2010Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/Aac.46.12.3963\u20103970.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030\u2010200208160\u201000009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.666"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/381270"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.17.2.311\u2010322.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0701.010120"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.671"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(95)90338\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.5.1035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Epidemiology of Shigellosis in Lagos, Nigeria: Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"19","author":"Iwalokun B. 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