{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:42:00Z","timestamp":1790048520803,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Vernonia amygdalina<\/jats:italic>\n                    Del., a plant recognised for its medicinal properties, is widely available in Malawi, but remains underutilised. The study aimed to analyse phytochemicals and their functional groups in the aqueous extracts of\n                    <jats:italic>V. amygdalina<\/jats:italic>\n                    Del. leaves. The functional groups of the compounds were determined using Fourier\u2010transform infrared spectroscopy (FT\u2010IR). Phenolic compounds were quantified using high\u2010performance liquid chromatography\u2010ultraviolet visible assay. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry was used to identify volatile phytoconstituents. The FT\u2010IR spectrum revealed characteristic absorption bands corresponding to C\u2550C, C\u2550O, C\u2550O, \u2500OH and \u2500NH active functional groups. The phenolic compounds identified included gallic acid, sinapic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, rutin and quercetin, whose concentrations varied significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05). Volatile compounds (21) were observed with dl\u2010\u03b1\u2010Tocopherol as a major compound, followed by \u03b2\u2010sitosterol, ethyl iso\u2010allocholate, 9,12,15\u2010octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3\u2010dihydroxypropyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)\u2010 and stigmasterol. The aqueous extracts of\n                    <jats:italic>V. amygdalina<\/jats:italic>\n                    Del. leaves contained phytochemicals with active functional groups that can act as reducing and capping agents, thereby demonstrating potential applications in green chemistry. Based on these findings, we recommend further studies using this extract to actually synthesise silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles and characterise them using spectroscopic techniques for use in promoting sustainable farming practices.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202502467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T16:46:12Z","timestamp":1764953172000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Analysis of Phytochemicals and Functional Groups From Aqueous Extracts of Malawian\n                    <i>Vernonia amygdalina<\/i>\n                    Del. for Potential Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7929-7844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonface","family":"Mwamatope","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Science Department Faculty of Agriculture Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources  Lilongwe Malawi"},{"name":"African Centre of Excellence in Neglected and Underutilised Biodiversity  Mzuzu Malawi"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Technology and Innovation Mzuzu University  Mzuzu Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0360-0939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elijah Malinga Menard","family":"Wanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Centre of Excellence in Neglected and Underutilised Biodiversity  Mzuzu Malawi"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Technology and Innovation Mzuzu University  Mzuzu Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8231-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Chikowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department Kamuzu University of Health Sciences  Blantyre Malawi"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy College of Pharmacy Korea University  Sejong South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Chikwana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Science Department Faculty of Agriculture Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources  Lilongwe Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fednand Paul","family":"Wanjala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Centre of Excellence in Neglected and Underutilised Biodiversity  Mzuzu Malawi"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Technology and Innovation Mzuzu University  Mzuzu Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesten Eliez Chisomo","family":"Chatepa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Science Department Faculty of Agriculture Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources  Lilongwe Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3193-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Finias","family":"Kamanula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Centre of Excellence in Neglected and Underutilised Biodiversity  Mzuzu Malawi"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Technology and Innovation Mzuzu University  Mzuzu Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906\u2010024\u201004619\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18596\/jotcsa.1247620"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjbas.2017.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.1424\u20101434"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01425"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"G.Nyirenda Y. 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