{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T12:46:21Z","timestamp":1775997981867,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Acne vulgaris is a multifactorial skin disorder involving sebaceous gland dysfunction, hormonal imbalances, bacterial overgrowth, and inflammation. While various cosmeceutical products target these mechanisms, there remains a strong demand for natural alternatives with multi\u2010target actions.\n                    <jats:italic>Citrus hystrix<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a traditional medicinal plant, exhibits notable anti\u2010inflammatory properties, suggesting its potential for acne treatment. This study assessed the in vitro biological activities of\n                    <jats:italic>C. hystrix<\/jats:italic>\n                    peel extracts and essential oil by examining their effect on\n                    <jats:italic>Propionibacterium acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                    and inflammatory targets. In vitro assays demonstrated that extract polarity significantly affected the observed bioactivities, resulting in distinct activity profiles among the extracts. The hexane extract (34.12% \u00b1 2.56%) and essential oil (43.65% \u00b1 8.44%) exhibited greater 5\u03b1\u2010reductase inhibition at 100\u00a0mg\/mL compared to the ethanolic extract (15.64% \u00b1 1.66%). Conversely, the ethanolic extract more effectively inhibited IL\u20101\u03b2, nitric oxide, and PGE\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    production. In addition,\n                    <jats:italic>P. acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0growth inhibition was observed across all samples. These findings highlight\n                    <jats:italic>C. hystrix<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0as a promising multi\u2010target anti\u2010acne agent. Further research should explore formulation strategies, skin penetration, and clinical efficacy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202502469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T11:30:46Z","timestamp":1773315046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential Anti\u2010Acne Activities of\n                    <i>Citrus hystrix<\/i>\n                    Peel Extracts: 5\u03b1\u2010Reductase Inhibition, Anti\u2010Inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Effects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2213-8951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanuchawan","family":"Wisuitiprot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiang Mai University  Chiang Mai Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nipon","family":"Keawtai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health and Allied Health Sciences, Sirindhorn College of Public Health Phitsanulok Praboromarajchanok Institute Ministry of Public Health  Nonthaburi Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8072-1382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wudtichai","family":"Wisuitiprot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Natural Medicine Payap University  Chiang Mai Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115003"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"S11","article-title":"5alpha\u2010reductase: History and Clinical Importance","volume":"6","author":"Marks L. 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(Kaffir Lime) Essential Oil Using Automated Steam Distillation Process: Analysis of Volatile Compounds","volume":"17","author":"Kasuan N.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E.Husni U. S.Putri andDachriyanus \u201cChemical Content Profile of Essential Oil From Kaffir Lime (Citrus Hystrix DC.) in Tanah Datar Regency and Antibacterial Activity \u201d inProceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Contemporary Science and Clinical Pharmacy(Atlantis Press International B.V. 2021) 174\u2013181.","DOI":"10.2991\/ahsr.k.211105.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf980523e"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1820"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.689094"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1389786"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijat.2006.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"1149","article-title":"In\u2010Vivo Pharmacological Investigations of Citrus hystrix","volume":"5","author":"Barai L.","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2306\/scienceasia1513\u20101874.2017.43.096"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/2353"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23312009.2018.1529259"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24112163"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15020167"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02570904"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306\u20103623(94)00242\u2010F"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2006.01.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15117532"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00016-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","first-page":"531","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil Extracted From Citrus Hystrix (Kaffir Lime) Peels: An In Vitro Study","volume":"36","author":"Sreepian A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tropical Biomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2009.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.04.006"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","first-page":"551","article-title":"Total Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Different Extracts and Fractions From the Aerial Parts of Artemisia biennis Willd","volume":"13","author":"Hatami T.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11213519"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044\u2010017\u20101869\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","first-page":"1225","article-title":"Germacrene Analogs Are Anti\u2010Androgenic on Androgen\u2010Dependent Cells","volume":"11","author":"Srivilai J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Natural Products Communications"}],"container-title":["Chemistry &amp; 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