{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T02:22:48Z","timestamp":1784946168797,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Hymenocardia acida<\/jats:italic>\n                    Tul. is a medicinal plant used in Angola to treat microbial diseases. It is a well\u2010known plant among local populations; however, few studies have focused on the assessment of phytochemicals associated with their biological activities. Hence, there is a need to evaluate the metabolomic profile of compounds that contribute to the antimicrobial, antioxidant activities, and cytotoxic effects of\n                    <jats:italic>H. acida<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This study investigated the chemical profile, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, and cytotoxic effects of compounds derived from different plant organs of\n                    <jats:italic>H. acida<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The compounds were analyzed using ultra\u2010high\u2010performance liquid chromatography\u2010quadrupole\u2010electrostatic field orbitrap mass spectrometry, and the resulting data were further analyzed using a molecular networking approach. Thirty\u2010two natural compounds were annotated, including flavonoids, fatty acids, coumarins, terpenoids, alkaloids, anthocyanins, saponins, polyphenols, glycosides, and disaccharides. These families of natural compounds were differentially distributed in various plant parts, indicating chemical differences among the leaf, root, and stem bark extracts of\n                    <jats:italic>H. acida<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which were annotated for the first time in this plant. The crude stem bark (IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 3.031 \u00b1 1.610\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL) and root (IC\n                    <jats:sub>0.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 0.019 \u00b1 0.000\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL) extracts exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, as determined by 2,2\u2010diphenyl\u20101\u2010picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and reducing power assays, respectively. In contrast, using microbroth dilution methods, the leaf extracts exhibited activity against all tested microorganisms (\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Candida tropicalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumonia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) compared to the root and stem bark extracts, with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 1 to 0.0078125\u00a0mg\/mL. Stem bark and root extracts did not inhibit the visible growth of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>C. tropicalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The methanol leaf extracts showed significant cytotoxic effects against Vero cells at 250 and 500 \u00b5g\/mL, whereas the dichloromethane leaf extracts were cytotoxic to Vero cells at 500 \u00b5g\/mL. The stem bark and root extracts were not cytotoxic at any concentration. Therefore, the annotated natural compounds may contribute to the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects of\n                    <jats:italic>H. acida<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These natural compounds offer promising avenues for the discovery and development of new lead drugs for the management and treatment of microbial diseases. Molecular networking provided a detailed phytochemical overview of this plant species. Furthermore, the results reported in this study highlight the importance of investigating bioactive chemical compounds in\n                    <jats:italic>H. acida<\/jats:italic>\n                    and provide new insights into the phytochemical annotation and pharmacological properties of extracts from various parts of\n                    <jats:italic>H. acida<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202502485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T18:06:21Z","timestamp":1765994781000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Identification of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Compounds From\n                    <i>Hymenocardia acida<\/i>\n                    Tul. Using Ultra\u2010High\u2010Performance Liquid Chromatography\u2010Quadrupole Exactive\u2010Orbitrap\u2010Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Networking Approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2017-5759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ntsoaki Joyce","family":"Malebo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Innovation in Learning and Teaching Central University of Technology  Bloemfontein South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9734-1167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idah Tichaidza","family":"Manduna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Applied Food Sustainability and Biotechnology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences Central University of Technology  Bloemfontein South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6658-9223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monizi","family":"Mawunu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy Polytechnic Institute Kimpa Vita University  U\u00edge Angola"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology University of Kinshasa  Kinshasa Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramakwala Christinah","family":"Chokwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology University of South Africa  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9957-7074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bafedile","family":"Tlhapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Applied Food Sustainability and Biotechnology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences Central University of Technology  Bloemfontein South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002\u2010016\u20100116\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002\u2010018\u20100238\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13212991"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"76","article-title":"\u00ce2\u2010Sitosterol From Hymenocardia acida Root Extract and Its Antimicrobial Activity\"","volume":"41","author":"Shimbe R. 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