{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T16:00:42Z","timestamp":1785081642333,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Pomegranate fruit peel was upcycled as a mediating agent for the comparative green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing facile (F), microwave (M), and autoclave (A) methodologies. XRD, SEM, TEM, and FTIR analyses revealed successful synthesis of AgNPs, with FTIR confirming polyphenol involvement in reduction and stabilization. The SEM micrographs indicated that all nanoparticles agglomerate into clusters. The TEM micrographs indicated that all nanoparticles are spherical, with varying particle sizes. In addition, the average particle size for AgNPs\u2010A was 17.84\u00a0nm, 14.91\u00a0nm for AgNPs\u2010F, and 14.23\u00a0nm for AgNPs\u2010M. Furthermore, the obtained XRD patterns showed crystallinity across all methods, with the microwave route producing the smallest crystallite size (6.58\u00a0nm) as estimated by the Scherrer equation. It is important to note that the crystallite size estimated from XRD represents the coherent diffraction domain and is not directly equivalent to the particle size observed by TEM. The antimicrobial property of AgNPs\u2010M was superior, especially against\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    amongst other food\u2010borne pathogens, with an inhibition zone of 22.6\u00a0mm at 5\u00a0mg\/mL. This study provides insights into three green synthesis methods for AgNPs using pomegranate peel waste, offering a foundation for future studies on safety, stability, and application\u2010oriented assessments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.71335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T06:43:38Z","timestamp":1778654618000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Upcycling Pomegranate Peel Waste for Comparative Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Characterization and Biological Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mandy","family":"Sibiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Research Chairs Initiative in Sustainable Preservation and Agroprocessing Research, Faculty of Science University of Johannesburg  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Postharvest and Agroprocessing Research Centre, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology University of Johannesburg  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tshiamo B.","family":"Leta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Research Chairs Initiative in Sustainable Preservation and Agroprocessing Research, Faculty of Science University of Johannesburg  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Postharvest and Agroprocessing Research Centre, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology University of Johannesburg  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry O.","family":"Adeyemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Research Chairs Initiative in Sustainable Preservation and Agroprocessing Research, Faculty of Science University of Johannesburg  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Postharvest and Agroprocessing Research Centre, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology University of Johannesburg  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen O.","family":"Amoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vegetables, Industrial and Medicinal Plants Agricultural Research Council  Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences North\u2010West University  Potchefstroom South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5591-4633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olaniyi A.","family":"Fawole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Research Chairs Initiative in Sustainable Preservation and Agroprocessing Research, Faculty of Science University of Johannesburg  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Postharvest and Agroprocessing Research Centre, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology University of Johannesburg  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Economic Contribution of South Africa's Pomegranate Industry","volume":"18","author":"Pienaar L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"AgriProbe"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ad0ac6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-02744-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111918"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204\u2010012\u20101007\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crgsc.2021.100195"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/apb.2020.067"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.693899"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/jabb\/2024\/v27i71065"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-020-00081-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"1031","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties of Green\u2010Synthesised Silver Nanoparticles From Stem Bark Extract of Syzygium alternifolium (Wt.) 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