{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:15:54Z","timestamp":1792001754220,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance necessitates the development of alternative antimicrobial agents derived from natural sources. This study evaluated the volatile chemical profile and antimicrobial activity of a thymol\u2010containing hydrolate obtained from\n                    <jats:italic>Thymus vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    L. against a panel of 14 clinically and economically relevant microorganisms. Headspace\u2010gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry analysis revealed thymol (79.9%) and linalool (17.4%) as the predominant constituents of the hydrolate. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays to determine inhibition zones and minimum inhibitory concentrations. The hydrolate exhibited pronounced activity against Gram\u2010positive bacteria, with the largest inhibition zones observed for\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the lowest MIC values for the same strain (MIC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 5.765\u00a0mg\/mL; MIC\n                    <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 6.341\u00a0mg\/mL). Gram\u2010negative bacteria displayed moderate susceptibility, with MIC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values ranging from 13.605 to 15.946\u00a0mg\/mL. Yeasts showed lower susceptibility (\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    MIC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 25.450\u00a0mg\/mL), while filamentous fungi exhibited the highest resistance (\n                    <jats:italic>Botrytis cinerea<\/jats:italic>\n                    MIC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 46.013\u00a0mg\/mL). Overall antimicrobial efficacy followed the pattern: Gram\u2010positive bacteria &gt; Gram\u2010negative bacteria &gt; yeasts &gt; filamentous fungi. These findings demonstrate that thymol hydrolate possesses substantial antimicrobial potential, particularly against Gram\u2010positive pathogens, and may represent a promising natural alternative to synthetic antimicrobial agents for applications in food preservation and cosmetic formulations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.71425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T09:28:42Z","timestamp":1781515722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Thymol Chemotype\n                    <i>Thymus vulgaris<\/i>\n                    L. Hydrolate: Volatile Chemical Fraction Composition and Antimicrobial Activity Against Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8535-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Garzoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug Sapienza University  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2954-5939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel Horacio","family":"Elizondo\u2010Luevano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Natural Sciences Biomolecular Innovation Group Faculty of Agronomy Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n  Cd. Gral. Escobedo Nuevo Le\u00f3n Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anis","family":"Ben Hsouna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax  Sfax Tunisia"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences and Nutrition Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Mahdia University of Monastir  Monastir Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rania","family":"Ben Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax  Sfax Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4460-0222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslava","family":"Ka\u010d\u00e1niov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Horticulture Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering Slovak University of Agriculture  Nitra Slovakia"},{"name":"School of Medical &amp; 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