{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T08:50:44Z","timestamp":1787734244704,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Despite the extensive use of\n                    <jats:italic>Ziziphus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species in South African traditional medicine to treat various ailments, they remain poorly studied. Therefore, this study aimed to scientifically validate the ethnomedicinal use of\n                    <jats:italic>Z. mucronata<\/jats:italic>\n                    Willd.,\n                    <jats:italic>Z. rivularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    Codd, and\n                    <jats:italic>Z. zeyheriana<\/jats:italic>\n                    Sond. in the treatment of gonorrhea. Their roots, stem bark, and leaves were sequentially extracted using five different solvents. The extracts were evaluated against\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    using the broth microdilution assay and cytotoxicity in rat skeletal (L6) myoblast cell lines. Of the 48 successive extracts evaluated, 12.5% exhibited high antigonococcal activity (MIC &lt; 1\u00a0mg\/mL), 33.3% showed moderate activity (MIC 1\u20136.25\u00a0mg\/mL), and 54.1% were inactive (MIC &gt; 6.25\u00a0mg\/mL). Furthermore, the extracts displayed low cytotoxicity profiles, with 81% exhibiting no cytotoxicity (CC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    &gt; 0.05\u00a0mg\/mL) and the remaining 19% cytotoxic (CC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    &lt; 0.05\u00a0mg\/mL). Phytoconstituents tentatively identified and putatively attributed to the observed antigonococcal activity were\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010hexadecanoic acid, phytol, and betulin. These have not been previously studied against\n                    <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; further bioactivity screening in both in vivo and in vitro models is still needed to confirm their antigonococcal activity. Future research should focus on isolating phytoconstituents and testing the antigonococcal activity in vitro and in vivo.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.71477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T20:10:14Z","timestamp":1783368614000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antigonococcal Activity and Cytotoxicity Screening of Three\n                    <i>Ziziphus<\/i>\n                    Species Indigenous to South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8894-0889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mcebisi J.","family":"Mabuza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Pretoria  Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Life and Consumer Sciences University of South Africa  Florida South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute  Allschwil Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thilivhali E.","family":"Tshikalange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Consumer Sciences University of South Africa  Florida South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8625-6490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullahi A.","family":"Yusuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria  Hatfield South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4124-8550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahwahwatse J.","family":"Bapela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Pretoria  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/sexually\u2010transmitted\u2010infections\u2010(stis)(Accessed March 5 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0006256"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294285"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.12.16.24319070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"WHO \u201cGonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeaeInfection) \u201dhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/gonorrhoea\u2010(neisseria\u2010gonorrhoeae\u2010infection) (accessed 13 April 2025) 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlaf061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlaf061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics7020049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaf109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10091699"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines8020011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2025.101663"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44259\u2010024\u201000047\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.2c00532"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bacteria1020009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bacteria1020009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12173077"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.abr.2022.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4238625"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002\u2010018\u20100255\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.11.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","volume-title":"Zulu Medicinal Plants: An Inventory","author":"Hutchings A.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v73i2.156"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","unstructured":"E.PalmerandN.Pitman Trees of Southern Africa: Covering All Known Indigenous Species in the Republic of South Africa South\u2010West Africa Botswana Lesotho & Swaziland Balkema Cape Town (1972)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2022.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.119918"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101\u2010022\u201009835\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.615147"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18040551"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24142631"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28062820"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","volume-title":"Impact of Various Boiling Intervals on the Antimicrobial Efficacy and Phytochemical Profile of Selected Crude Aqueous Plant Extracts, Used by Bapedi Traditional Healers in the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections","author":"Erasmus L. J. C.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e40172"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2023.100509"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12080758"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1740133"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13321\u2010023\u201000778\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1615338"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30193873"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13060807"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235723"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399\u2010022\u201003576\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1564787"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13121171"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2024.108056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2017.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.521"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2010.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s\u20100030\u20101250027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2022.832780"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac034173t"}],"container-title":["Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbdv.71477","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cbdv.71477","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbdv.71477","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T12:23:45Z","timestamp":1785327825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cbdv.71477"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cbdv.71477"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbdv.71477","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1612-1872","1612-1880"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1612-1872","type":"print"},{"value":"1612-1880","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71477"}}