{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T09:09:01Z","timestamp":1788858541386,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Thymbra spicata<\/jats:italic>\n                    L. (Zahter) is a medicinal aromatic plant naturally growing in T\u00fcrkiye. This study aimed to optimize ultrasound\u2010assisted extraction (UAE) conditions using response surface methodology (RSM) to maximize its total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH). The optimal conditions were established as 31.071% methanol, 63.467\u00b0C, 48.423 min, and a 36.14\u00a0mL\/g solvent\u2010to\u2010solid ratio. The optimized extract yielded TPC, TFC, and DPPH values of 145.77\u00b12.26\u00a0mg GAE\/g, 16.19\u00b10.20\u00a0mg QE\/g, and 97.794\u00b11.78\u00a0mg AAE\/g dry plant material, respectively, demonstrating positive correlations among them. Orbitrap\u2010MS profiling identified rosmarinic acid, quinic acid, luteolin\u20107\u2010O\u2010glucuronide, and naringenin as the predominant polyphenols. Furthermore, antibacterial assays revealed minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations of 5 and 10\u00a0mg\/mL, respectively, against\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium and\n                    <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    , whereas values for\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    O157:H7 were &gt;10\u00a0mg\/mL. Conclusively, RSM optimization successfully yielded a polyphenolic\u2010rich\n                    <jats:italic>T. spicata<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract with high antioxidant capacity and measurable antibacterial activity at higher concentrations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.71510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T07:03:33Z","timestamp":1785481413000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization of Ultrasound\u2010Assisted Extraction of\n                    <i>Thymbra Spicata<\/i>\n                    L. Using Response Surface Methodology: Polyphenol Profile and Antibacterial Activity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6451-3663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammed Hasan","family":"\u015eirin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Siirt University  Siirt T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Ankara University, Institute of Health Sciences  Ankara T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7781-5342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammet M\u00fckerrem","family":"Kaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University  Burdur T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9391-2839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melike Sultan","family":"Demira\u011f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University  Burdur T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erhan","family":"Keyvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University  Burdur T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Bayezit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University  Burdur T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidayet","family":"Tutun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University  Burdur T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"1704","article-title":"Evaluation of Thymus vulgaris and Thymbra spicata Essential Oils and Plant Extracts for Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Properties","volume":"7","author":"Gediko\u011flu A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Science and Biotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"446","article-title":"Hatay Y\u00f6resinde Yeti\u015fen Thymbra spicata L. (Zahter\/Karaba\u015f Keki\u011fi) Bitkisinin U\u00e7ucu Ya\u011f Oran ve Bile\u015fenlerinin Belirlenmesi","volume":"27","author":"Ko\u00e7er O.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Avrupa Bilim Teknoloji Derg"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"M.Maskan S.Nacaro\u011flu andF.G\u00f6\u011f\u00fc\u015f \u201cKara Kekik (Thymbra spicata) U\u00e7ucu Ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n K\u0131zartma \u0130\u015fleminde Kullan\u0131lan M\u0131s\u0131r \u00d6z\u00fc Ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Kalite De\u011ferleri \u00dczerine Etkisi \u201d (T\u00fcrkiye 9. 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