{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T09:09:11Z","timestamp":1788858551238,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In this study, we report the fabrication, characterization, and antimicrobial evaluation of copper (II) oxide CuO (TS1) and (CuO)\u2010based nanocomposites incorporating chitosan (Ch) (TS2), silver (Ag) (Ch\u2010CuO\u2010Ag; TS3), and selenium (Se) (Ch\u2010CuO\u2010Se; TS4) nanoparticles. X\u2010ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the monoclinic crystalline structure of CuO with an average crystallite size of \u223c12\u00a0nm, and successful integration of Ch, Ag, and Se without phase impurities. FTIR analysis revealed strong interactions between CuO and Ch functional groups, evidenced by spectral shifts and peak broadening, suggesting hydrogen bonding and structural modifications. Morphological analysis via electron microscopy showed a transition from aggregated nanosheets to homogeneous nanospheres upon doping with Ag and Se. Composite TS1 (CuO) exhibited superior antimicrobial activity, surpassing the standard drugs imipenem and fluconazole (FLZ) in terms of inhibition zones and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Sub\u2010MIC concentrations of the composites did not affect the growth of\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , validating their use in biofilm inhibition assays. Notably, TS1 and TS4 (Ch\u2500CuO\u2500Se) significantly enhanced the efficacy of FLZ, reducing its MIC and MBEC values by up to 8\u2010fold. Biofilm inhibition reached 82.2% with TS1\u2010FLZ synergy. Gene expression analysis revealed marked downregulation of biofilm\u2010associated virulence genes (\n                    <jats:italic>SAP2, SAP6, PLB1, PLB2, LIP4<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>LIP5<\/jats:italic>\n                    ).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.71573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T10:58:09Z","timestamp":1786273089000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design, Synthesis, and Antibiofilm Efficacy of Ag\/Se\u2010Doped CuO\u2013Chitosan Nanocomposites as Potent Antifungal Agents Against\n                    <i>Candida albicans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5779-5500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek","family":"Alammar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry College of Science King Faisal University  Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2660-9223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amany I.","family":"Gad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology Department Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Technology Egyptian Chinese University  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5419-6043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nagih M.","family":"Shaalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics College of Science King Faisal University  Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed E.","family":"Eissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry College of Science Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8173-6073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Al\u2010Karmalawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Horus University\u2010Egypt  New Damietta Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7835-6926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad","family":"Shaaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry College of Science King Faisal University  Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres16080183"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100081"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA04385H"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392\u2010022\u201000974\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2026.145842"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/med.70053"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb11040071"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104175"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c10929"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004\u2010021\u201000582\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnanoscienceau.1c00029"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmt.2023.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40580\u2010023\u201000402\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2023.10.144"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2024.115813"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c09064"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201016878\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010\u2010022\u201004120\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.202400931"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201000520\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","volume-title":"Chapter 26 \u2010 Silver Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents: Past, Present, and Future","author":"Silva L. P.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201019698\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339\u2010017\u20101148\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534\u2010023\u201000573\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2024.133957"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14112208"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3998\/ark.5550190.p008.763"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103051"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071231"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","first-page":"186","article-title":"Synthesis and Anti\u2010Tumor Evaluation of Novel Organoselenocyanates and Symmetrical Diselenides Dyestuffs","volume":"6","author":"Shaaban S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Der Pharma Chemica"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NJ04815F"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MA00639H"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S121956"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033\u2010024\u201009598\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.140073"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12061281"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201605465"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25173981"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2023.102424"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12034\u2010022\u201002697\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2004.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpta.2025.100844"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14091832"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.550505"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2022.2063282"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e30464"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.749685"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284\u2010021\u201002663\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.638609"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2025.143231"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088\u2010024\u201000504\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817435","volume-title":"Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook","author":"Garcia L. S.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn090"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.9.3341\u20103348.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100463.2007.apm_630.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","first-page":"3882","article-title":"Eradication of Biofilms Formed by Bacteria Isolated From Diabetic Foot Infections by Potential Antibiofilm Agents Alone and In Combination With Ciprofloxacin","volume":"8","author":"Abbas H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"African Journal of Microbiology Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11010057"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253\u2010023\u201012522\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102180\u201010\u2010114"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101976"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2020.105538"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14102094"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202301018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201076446\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.6239"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11112993"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202111021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23115953"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-5338-5_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0202596"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0036023621040239"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA01710B"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/840591"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S151285"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40097\u2010020\u201000331\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.135664"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S567527"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201081988\u20106"}],"container-title":["Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbdv.71573","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cbdv.71573","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbdv.71573","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T08:29:15Z","timestamp":1788856155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cbdv.71573"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cbdv.71573"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbdv.71573","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1612-1872","1612-1880"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1612-1872","type":"print"},{"value":"1612-1880","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71573"}}