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This study evaluated 109 propolis samples collected from eight SA provinces where the antimycobacterial activity, chemical composition and toxicity was evaluated. Samples were tested using a broth microdilution assay against various\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains (\n                    <jats:italic>M. fortuitum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 6841,\n                    <jats:italic>M. gordonae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 14470 and\n                    <jats:italic>M. smegmatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 14468) and the pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    H37Rv strain. A multi\u2010step approach combining ultra\u2010performance liquid chromatography\/ mass spectrometry (UPLC\u2013MS) profiling, high\u2010performance thin\u2010layer chromatography (HPTLC) bio\u2010autography, brine shrimp toxicity testing and molecular docking was employed on eight bio\u2010active and eight non\u2010active propolis samples. Two samples (GP68 and EC77B) demonstrated promising activity, with MICs ranging from 49\u2013195 \u00b5g\/mL against non\u2010tuberculous strains and 125 \u00b5g\/mL against\n                    <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Chemometric and bio\u2010autography analyses identified flavonoids and related compounds, including pinocembrin, galangin, chrysin and pinobanksin compounds as major contributors to activity. Both samples were non\u2010toxic at concentrations (1\u00a0mg\/mL at 24\u00a0h; 0.5\u00a0mg\/mL at 48\u00a0h). Molecular docking indicated favourable binding to key\n                    <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    targets involved in cell wall biosynthesis (DprE1) and transcription (RNAP). This study demonstrates that selected SA\u2010derived propolis samples show strong antimycobacterial potential.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.71577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:21:36Z","timestamp":1787311296000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Antimycobacterial Activity, Toxicity and Chemical Composition of South African Propolis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1203-1862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nyiko F.","family":"Mzimba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Parktown South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6278-3774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efficient N.","family":"Ncube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Science Tshwane University of Technology  Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit Tshwane University of Technology  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8713-5001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elliasu Y.","family":"Salifu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Science Tshwane University of Technology  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6810-2981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvaro","family":"Viljoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Science Tshwane University of Technology  Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit Tshwane University of Technology  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhavna","family":"Gordhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI) School of Pathology University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bavesh","family":"Kana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI) School of Pathology University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4859-1845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandy","family":"van Vuuren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Parktown South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02651"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005883"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2020.126674"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization in \u2018Global Tuberculosis Report 2024\u2019 World Health Organization Geneva 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2024.103955"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2018.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2021.100244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/2175-7860202172109","article-title":"Green Propolis as an Adjuvant Against Nontuberculous Mycobacteria","volume":"72","author":"Allend S. 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