{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T09:09:17Z","timestamp":1788858557116,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The discharge of azo dye\u2010containing wastewater threatens soil microbial activity, plant growth, and ecosystem health because of the persistence and toxicity of synthetic dyes. However, the potential of immobilized siderophore\u2010producing bacteria for simultaneous dye decolorization and mitigation of dye\u2010associated phytotoxicity remains unexplored. This study highlights the decolorization and bioremediation potential of viable free cells and calcium\u2010alginate immobilized\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    SC 9 against brilliant red (BR) dye. Among ten previously identified siderophore producing bacteria (SPB),\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    SC 9 exhibited the highest decolorization efficiency (88.5%). Under optimized conditions, free and immobilized cells achieved 88.5% and 94.86% decolorization, respectively, within 9 days. FTIR and GC\u2010MS analyses confirmed structural transformation of BR dye into simpler degradation intermediates, indicating biodegradation rather than adsorption. Greenhouse studies demonstrated that immobilized\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    SC9 alleviated BR dye phytotoxicity by increasing root length (142.16%), shoot length (160.91%), soil dehydrogenase activity (192.37\u00a0\u00b5g TPF\u00a0g\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    soil), FDA hydrolysis (33.71\u00a0\u00b5g fluorescein\u00a0g\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    soil), alkaline phosphatase activity (852.20\u00a0\u00b5g\u00a0pNP\u00a0g\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    soil), and siderophore production (331.53%) compared with untreated dye stress. Overall, calcium\u2010alginate immobilized\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    SC 9 is a promising eco\u2010friendly bioinoculant for azo dye bioremediation. Future studies should validate its performance under pilot\u2010scale and field conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.71602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:26:18Z","timestamp":1787311578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioremediation of Brilliant Red Azo Dye Toxicity in\n                    <i>Vigna radiata<\/i>\n                    Using Encapsulated\n                    <i>Bacillus subtilis<\/i>\n                    SC9"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Sapna","family":"Chandwani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology Uka Tarsadia University  Surat Gujarat India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Modi","family":"Riddhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology Uka Tarsadia University  Surat Gujarat India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aashruti","family":"Gajera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C. G. 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