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Thymol exhibited markedly higher insecticidal activity (51.67% mortality at 5%) than the other monoterpenes. Dose\u2010mortality tests showed 100% third\u2010instar larval mortality at 7.5% thymol. Probit analyze revealed third\u2010instar larvae (LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 3.82%) as the most sensitive stage, followed by fourth\u2010instar larvae (LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 6.69%) and adults (LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 17.82%); adults were 4.66\u2010fold more resistant. Gene expression analyses demonstrated significant time\u2010dependent induction of glutathione S\u2010transferase (\n                    <jats:italic>GST<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; 2.83\u2010fold at 24\u00a0h) and delayed induction of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (\n                    <jats:italic>CYP450<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; 1.91\u2010fold at 24\u00a0h), while carboxylesterase (\n                    <jats:italic>CarE<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) showed no significant change. These results support thymol as a promising biopesticide candidate targeting early larval stages, with\n                    <jats:italic>GST<\/jats:italic>\n                    showing the strongest transcriptional induction among the detoxification genes examined.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.71619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T17:56:47Z","timestamp":1787680607000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stage\u2010Specific Insecticidal Activity of Thymol Against Colorado Potato Beetle and Time\u2010Dependent Detoxification Gene Expression"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3119-8255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Buse","family":"Kazan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 Karatekin University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences  \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1997-5639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6mer Cem","family":"Karako\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 Karatekin University, Food and Agriculture Vocational School Department of Field Crops  \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1097-8574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebru Derelli","family":"T\u00fcfek\u00e7i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 Karatekin University, Food and Agriculture Vocational School Department of Field Crops  \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2299"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11090581"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"136","article-title":"Forecasting the Influence of Temperature Increase on the Development of the Colorado Potato Beetle [Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)] in the Wielkopolska Region of Poland","volume":"63","author":"W\u00f3jtowicz A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201004607\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"M. 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