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Liquid fermentation of ZSS was conducted using\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus paracasei<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . HPLC was employed to determine the content of spinosin, 6\u2032\u2032\u2032\u2010feruloylspinosin, jujuboside A, and jujuboside B. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity were measured using UV spectrophotometry. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to identify the optimal fermentation strain, and UPLC\u2010Q\u2010Exactive Orbitrap\u2010MS technology was used for qualitative analysis of chemical components before and after fermentation. Results indicated\n                    <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    as the optimal fermentation strain. UPLC\u2010Q\u2010Exactive Orbitrap\u2010MS analysis revealed 41 chemical components in the unfermented sample, reduced to 30 post\u2010fermentation.\n                    <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    was hypothesized to catalyze enzymatic hydrolysis breaking C\u2500O bonds, N\u2500C bonds, acyl groups, and glucosyl groups, facilitating interconversion among compounds.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.71686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T12:31:01Z","timestamp":1790166661000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Qualitative Analysis of Chemical Composition Changes Before and After\n                    <i>Lactobacillus<\/i>\n                    Fermented\n                    <i>Ziziphi Spinosae<\/i>\n                    Semen by LC\u2010MS and Prediction of Fermentation Mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jiafu","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Jinan P. 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