{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T20:58:43Z","timestamp":1790542723810,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Fe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/CuFe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    nanocomposite fabricated by a two\u2010stage calcination process. X\u2010ray diffraction established that \u03b1\u2010Fe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    is the predominant phase, accompanied by little CuFe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    spinel, with no extraneous impurity phases identified. In vitro bioassays exhibited robust broad\u2010spectrum antibacterial efficacy of the nanocomposites. Agar\u2010diffusion assays demonstrated that sample BB2 (300\u00b0C and 300\u00b0C) yielded the most substantial inhibitory zones against\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                    (22.0 \u00b1 0.5\u00a0mm) and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (22.0 \u00b1 0.3\u00a0mm), far surpassing antibiotic controls (11\u201314\u00a0mm). Significantly, only BB3 and BB4 demonstrated inhibitory effects on\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    (zones 14.0\u201318.0\u00a0mm). MIC\/MBC assays validated these trends: BB4 demonstrated the lowest MIC\/MBC (25\/50\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL) against both\n                    <jats:italic>S. typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , whereas BB2\/3\/4 inhibited\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    at 25\/50\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL. All samples significantly impaired biofilm formation (50%\u201382% decrease), with BB2 achieving around 80% suppression across all pathogens. The results demonstrate that the two\u2010stage calcined Fe\u2013Cu mixed oxide successfully eliminates both Gram\u2010positive and Gram\u2010negative bacteria, as well as fungi. In vivo toxicological assessment revealed no notable deleterious effects on hepatic function, indicating preliminary hepatic tolerability. The optimized Fe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/CuFe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    nanocomposite has significant multi\u2010modal antibacterial effectiveness and minimal acute toxicity, underscoring its potential for innovative infection\u2010control applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.71717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T20:11:45Z","timestamp":1790539905000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biochemical Modulation of Fe\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    O\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    \/CuFe\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    O\n                    <sub>4<\/sub>\n                    Nanocomposite via Two\u2010Stage Calcination: Antimicrobial Efficacy and In Vivo Toxicological Profiling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6103-6510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riyadh Zainadin","family":"Mawlood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department College of Science University of Raparin  Sulaymaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chawan Hazhar","family":"Razaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology College of Science University of Raparin  Sulaymaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5296-2549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karukh Ali","family":"Babakr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department College of Science University of Raparin  Sulaymaniyah 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