{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:06:46Z","timestamp":1790838406409,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004386","name":"Universiti Malaya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BKP026\u20102023\u2010ECR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BKP026\u20102023\u2010ECR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Malaysian indigenous tropical fruit trees have been reported to possess various biological activities, but remain largely underutilized. This study aims to investigate the skin\u2010lightening cosmeceutical potential of six Malaysian indigenous tropical fruit trees, namely\n                    <jats:italic>Averrhoa bilimbi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Baccaurea motleyana<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Bouea macrophylla<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Cynometra cauliflora<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Garcinia celebica<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Syzygium malaccense<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Herein, crude ethanol and its fractionated extracts (hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate) from the leaves and twigs were evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC), radical scavenging, tyrosinase inhibitory activity, and sun protection factor (SPF) values. The results revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>B. macrophylla<\/jats:italic>\n                    leaf ethyl acetate fractionated extract exhibited the highest TPC (577.47\u00a0\u00b1\u00a016.15\u00a0mg GAE\/g extract), very strong radical scavenging activity (EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a050\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL) across DPPH\u2022, ABTS\n                    <jats:sup>\u2022+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and superoxide anion (O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2022\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) assays, as well as the highest SPF value (28.64\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.51). Liquid chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry (LC\u2010MS) analysis identified the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010trigallic acid (\n                    <jats:bold>1<\/jats:bold>\n                    ),\n                    <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010coutaric acid (\n                    <jats:bold>2<\/jats:bold>\n                    ), and ellagic acid (\n                    <jats:bold>3<\/jats:bold>\n                    ), which may contribute to its noticeable bioactivities. Meanwhile,\n                    <jats:italic>B. macrophylla<\/jats:italic>\n                    twig ethanol extract exhibited the strongest mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity (IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    55.51\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.99\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL). Collectively, these findings suggest that the twig ethanol extract and leaf ethyl acetate fractionated extract of\n                    <jats:italic>B. macrophylla<\/jats:italic>\n                    are promising natural ingredients for potential skin\u2010lightening cosmeceutical applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.71752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:49:02Z","timestamp":1790837342000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the Cosmeceutical Potential of Six Malaysian Indigenous Tropical Fruit Trees: Radical Scavenging, Anti\u2010Tyrosinase, and Photoprotective Activities Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Wei Lee","family":"Chong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi Ning","family":"Teoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurul Ainanajwa","family":"Ramli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sugumaran","family":"Manickam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologic Environmental  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1488-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siew Huah","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1730-6650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun Hoe","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology School of Nursing and Applied Sciences, Lincoln University College  Selangor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3400-1621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kae Shin","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8676-4604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazwani Mat","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Division, Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.102007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S233185"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics9030064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17060798"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2019.170170"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33423"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061164"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Research and Markets \u201cSkin Lighteners Market Analysis and Strategic Business Report 2024\u20102030 \u2010 Skin lightening Creams Forecast to Account for $6.9 Billion of the $13.3 Billion Total Market Revenue by 2030 \u201d (2024) https:\/\/www.globenewswire.com\/news\u2010release\/2024\/08\/01\/2922950\/28124\/en\/Skin\u2010Lighteners\u2010Market\u2010Analysis\u2010and\u2010Strategic\u2010Business\u2010Report\u20102024\u20102030\u2010Skin\u2010Lightening\u2010Creams\u2010Forecast\u2010to\u2010Account\u2010for\u20106\u20109\u2010Billion\u2010of\u2010the\u201013\u20103\u2010Billion\u2010Total\u2010Market\u2010Revenue\u2010by\u20102030.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations\u201cGlobal Forest Resources Assessment 2000: Main Report \u201dFood and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations(2001)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3641","DOI":"10.48048\/tis.2023.3641","article-title":"Kinetics of Tyrosinase Inhibition, Antioxidant Activity, Total Flavonoid Content and Analysis of Averrhoa Bilimbi L. Extracts and Its Fruit Vinegar Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Multivariate Methods","volume":"20","author":"Th S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends in Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2009.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31788\/RJC.2023.1638326"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","article-title":"Multifunctional Biological Activities and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Bouea macrophylla for Cosmetic Applications","volume":"22","author":"Maneechai P.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30870\/educhemia.v3i2.3328"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6832"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103302"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e30629"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"S280","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Forest Manggosteen (Garcinia hombroniana Pierre) Fraction Using DPPH and ABTS Method","volume":"9","author":"Ismail M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","article-title":"Physico\u2010Chemical Characterization, Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of malay apple [Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry]","volume":"11","author":"Nunes P. C.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Library of Science One"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12050733"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Antioxidant Activities, Cytotoxic Properties and Total Phenolic Content of Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry Leaves Extracts: A West Sumatera Indonesian Plant","volume":"33","author":"Itam A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17080996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15408\/jkv.v9i2.35239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25182\/jgp.2019.14.2.61\u201068"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA00650F"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12728"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s2175\u201097902019000417129"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10496475.2016.1272523"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2023.133706"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3839\/jabc.2017.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25081996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13596\u2010023\u201000710\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1284500"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814774-0.00002-5","volume-title":"Bioactive Compounds","author":"Vuolo M. M.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13394"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101349"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413509"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","first-page":"180","article-title":"Isolation, Identification and Glucose Uptake Activity of Flavonoids From Bouea macrophylla Griff","volume":"26","author":"Othman I. A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Malaysian Journal of Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55230\/mabjournal.v51i4.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131716"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","unstructured":"National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency Guideline for Sunscreen Product (Annex I Part 9(i)). Ministry of Health Malaysia.2022 https:\/\/www.npra.gov.my\/images\/Guidelines_Central\/Guidelines_on_Cosmetic\/Annex_I_part_9i-GUIDELINE_FOR_SUNSCREEN_PRODUCT.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2021.102038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46542\/pe.2023.232.118121"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2017.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906\u2010019\u20102640\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA08178H"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2022.100428"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.806470"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3673","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2328","article-title":"Comparison of Physicochemical Properties, Amino Acids, Mineral Elements, Total Phenolic Compounds, and Antioxidant Capacity of Cuban Fruit and Rice Wines","volume":"9","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Science and Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16121636"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.70006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2020.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.01.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.142311"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257\u2010021\u201000619\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2019.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd13010030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2023.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03221"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2018.v11i9.26649"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27041937"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202401086"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.113184"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40009\u2010024\u201001590\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2015.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13721\u2010025\u201000657\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40009\u2010024\u201001496\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0115701808279494231206060106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bamboo.2025.100157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596\u2010025\u201000067\u20107"}],"container-title":["Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbdv.71752","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cbdv.71752","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbdv.71752","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:49:07Z","timestamp":1790837347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cbdv.71752"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cbdv.71752"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbdv.71752","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1612-1872","1612-1880"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1612-1872","type":"print"},{"value":"1612-1880","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71752"}}