{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:02:03Z","timestamp":1790787723690,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp;amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Adansonia digitata<\/jats:italic>\n                    L., known as the African Baobab, is renowned for its extraordinary longevity and its long\u2010standing use in traditional African medicine. However, the genomic basis underlying its specialized secondary metabolism remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to computationally identify and characterize putative biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) within the publicly available\n                    <jats:italic>A. digitata<\/jats:italic>\n                    genome assembly (GenBank accession GCA_029448705.1) using an integrated bioinformatics pipeline. Ab initio gene structure prediction was performed with AUGUSTUS (\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    species model), functional protein domains were annotated with InterProScan, and candidate BGCs were mined using the plantiSMASH 2.0 webserver. Gene prediction yielded 52\u00a0721 protein\u2010coding gene models genome\u2010wide, of which 45\u00a0641 (86.6%) received at least one InterProScan domain annotation. The analysis identified 50 putative BGCs distributed across 13 scaffolds, ranging from 15.3 to 492.8\u00a0kb in size and provisionally classified into eight chemical categories, most frequently saccharide\u2010type (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a020) and cyclopeptide\u2010type (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a09) clusters. Notably, nine clusters carried a BURP\u2010domain core gene consistent with a cyclopeptide\/defense\u2010peptide\u2010associated pathway, including the single largest cluster identified (492.8\u00a0kb); other clusters carried core domains consistent with terpene synthase, squalene\u2010hopene cyclase, chalcone\/stilbene synthase (Chal_sti_synt_N), and dirigent\u2010protein\/lignan\u2010associated biosynthesis. None of the 50 clusters showed a significant match to a characterized reference cluster in the MIBiG database, suggesting these represent largely uncharacterized biosynthetic loci. These results represent in silico predictions rather than experimentally confirmed metabolic functions, since no transcriptomic, metabolomic, or biochemical validation was performed as part of this study. Nonetheless, this work provides one of the first genome\u2010wide catalogues of putative BGCs in\n                    <jats:italic>A. digitata<\/jats:italic>\n                    and offers a preliminary resource to guide future comparative genomics, expression profiling, and experimental validation of specialized metabolism in this species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.71794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:21:16Z","timestamp":1790785276000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genome\u2010Wide Identification and Structural Characterization of Secondary Metabolite Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in African Baobab (\n                    <i>Adansonia digitata<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0682-0312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Elshikh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetic Diversity and Evolution (LAGEVol) Department of Biology Center for Human and Biological Sciences Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar)  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology Omdurman Islamic University Omdurman, Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3439-096X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Kabbashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science Faculty of Pharmacy Omar Al\u2010Mukhtar University  Al Bayda' Libya"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute National Center for Research  Khartoum Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences International University of Africa  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6152-5067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imtenan M.","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Science and Technology Omdurman Islamic University Omdurman, Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1163\/2031356X-02301005","article-title":"Adansonia Digitata L.\u2013A Review of Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology","volume":"23","author":"De Caluw\u00e9 E.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afrika Focus"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"833","article-title":"A Review of Baobab (Adansonia Digitata) Products: Effect of Processing Techniques, Medicinal Properties and Uses","volume":"5","author":"Kabor\u00e9 D.","year":"2011","journal-title":"African Journal of Food Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"Baobab (Adansonia Digitata L.): A Review on a Multipurpose Tree With Promising Future in the Sudan","volume":"67","author":"Gebauer J.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gartenbauwissenschaft"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092170","article-title":"Adansonia Digitata L.(Baobab) Bioactive Compounds, Biological Activities, and the Potential Effect on Glycemia: A Narrative Review","volume":"15","author":"Silva M. L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. K.Kitony K.Colt B. W.Abramson et\u00a0al. \u201cChromosome\u2010Level Baobab (Adansonia Digitata) Genome Illuminates Its Evolutionary Insights \u201d preprint BioRxiv April 16 2024 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.04.14.589434.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.14.589434"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2009.04144.x","article-title":"Chloroplast DNA Phylogeography Suggests a West African Centre of Origin for the Baobab, Adansonia digitata L. (Bombacoideae, Malvaceae)","volume":"18","author":"Pock Tsy J. M. L.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"301","article-title":"DNA Barcoding of Adansonia Digitata Using Multi\u2010Loci Gene Regions (ITS, rbcL, rpoC1 and psbA\u2010trnH)","volume":"13","author":"Abdulkareem K.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science Journal of University of Zakho"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68697-6","article-title":"New Chromosome Number and Cyto\u2010Molecular Characterization of the African Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) The Tree of Life","volume":"10","author":"Islam\u2010Faridi N.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.09.008","article-title":"Decoding Resilience: Ecology, Regulation, and Evolution of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters","volume":"30","author":"Cawood G. L.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends in Plant Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W46","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad344","article-title":"antiSMASH 7.0: New and Improved Predictions for Detection, Regulation, Chemical Structures and Visualisation","volume":"51","author":"Blin K.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E.Del Pup C.Owen Z.Luo et\u00a0al. \u201cplantiSMASH 2.0: Improvements to Detection Annotation and Prioritization of Plant Biosynthetic Gene Clusters \u201d preprint bioRxiv October 2025 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.10.28.683968.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.10.28.683968"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56179\/001c.72789"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu817","article-title":"GSDS 2.0: An Upgraded Gene Feature Visualization Server","volume":"31","author":"Hu B.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2011.08.010","article-title":"An Updated Review of Adansonia Digitata: A Commercially Important African Tree","volume":"77","author":"Kamatou G.","year":"2011","journal-title":"South African Journal of Botany"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6196","article-title":"Nutrient Composition of Selected Indigenous Fruits From Sub\u2010Saharan Africa","volume":"93","author":"Stadlmayr B.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1465055","article-title":"Family Malvaceae: A Potential Source of Secondary Metabolites With Chemopreventive and Anticancer Activities Supported With In Silico Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profiles","volume":"15","author":"Sameh S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","article-title":"Chemical Study of Some Species Related to the Malvaceae Family That Growing in the Al\u2010Diwaniya Governorate","volume":"24","author":"Al\u2010Aridhee H. A. K.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Al\u2010Qadisiyah Journal of Pure Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.736","article-title":"The Genome of Theobroma Cacao","volume":"43","author":"Argout X.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"}],"container-title":["Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbdv.71794","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cbdv.71794","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbdv.71794","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:21:24Z","timestamp":1790785284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cbdv.71794"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cbdv.71794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbdv.71794","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1612-1872","1612-1880"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1612-1872","type":"print"},{"value":"1612-1880","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71794"}}