{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T07:36:26Z","timestamp":1783841786430,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]],"date-time":"2016-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Competency-Based Ed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>As education in the United States pushes for accountability, educational programs across the country are attempting to find innovative ways to measure student learning outcomes. Competency\u2010based education is one model favorable among many academic institutions and accreditation agencies because it links theory to practice (Clark, Competency\u2010based education for social work: Evaluation and curriculum issues, 1976; Hall & Jones, Competency\u2010based education: A process for the improvement of education, 1976; Johnstone & Soares, Change, 46, 2014, 12; Pace, Competency education series: Policy brief one, 2013). The research indicates that there is no standard definition of competency\u2010based education and agreement on the criteria that encompass this model (Book, All hands on deck: Ten lessons from early adopters of competency\u2010based education, 2014; Le, Wolfe, & Steinberg, The past and the promise: Today's competency education movement, 2014; Riesman, On competence: A critical analysis of competence\u2010based reforms in higher education, 1979).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>This research reviewed the literature on competency\u2010based education and interviewed key informants from various disciplines to gain a deeper understanding of this phenomenon.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>This research constructs an operational definition of competency\u2010based education and then applies this definition to build an assessment tool to determine the extent that competency\u2010based education exists in an academic program.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbe2.1011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]],"date-time":"2016-05-19T14:27:16Z","timestamp":1463668036000},"page":"98-106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":204,"title":["The operational definition of competency\u2010based education"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Gervais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Work Department University Wisconsin\u2010River Falls River Falls WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-008-9118-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"All hands on deck: Ten lessons from early adopters of competency\u2010based education","author":"Book P. 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A.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00091383.2014.896705"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","volume-title":"The past and the promise: Today's competency education movement","author":"Le C.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"The \u2018new paradigm\u2019 of outcomes\u2010based education in perspective","volume":"28","author":"Malan S. P. T.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Family Ecology and Consumer Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"66","volume-title":"On competence: A critical analysis of competence\u2010based reforms in higher education","author":"Neumann W.","year":"1979"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"B6","article-title":"Higher education isn't meeting the public's needs","volume":"51","author":"Newman F.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chronicle of Higher Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"O'Connell W. R. &Moomaw E. W.(1975).A CBC Primer. Report of a Conference: Competency\u2010based Curricula in General Undergraduate Programs. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED104297"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"Pace L.(2013).Competency education series: Policy brief one.Cincinnati OH:Knowledge Works. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/knowledgeworks.org\/competency-education-series-policy-brief-one"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"6","volume-title":"The history of higher education","author":"Perkin H.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"18","volume-title":"On competence: A critical analysis of competence\u2010based reforms in higher education","author":"Riesman D.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00598508"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","volume-title":"Instructional media and technologies for learning","author":"Smaldino S. 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