{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T14:12:44Z","timestamp":1761919964710,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,6]],"date-time":"2015-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Biochemistry &amp;amp; Function"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cyst fluid (BCF) contained in gross cists is involved with its many biomolecules in different stages of breast cystic development. Type I apocrine and type II flattened cysts are classified based on biochemical, morphological and hormonal differences, and their different patterns of growth factors and active biocompounds may require different regulation. In a previous paper, hyaluronic acid in a very low content and chondroitin sulphate\/dermatan sulphate were identified and characterized in BCF. In this new study, various apocrine and flattened BCFs were analyzed for HS concentration and disaccharide pattern. Apocrine HS was found specifically constituted of <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010acetyl groups contrary to flattened HS richer in <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010sulphate disaccharides with an overall <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010acetylated\/<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010sulphated ratio significantly increased in apocrine compared with flattened (13.5 vs 3.7). Related to this different structural features, the charge density significantly decreased (~\u221230%) in apocrine versus flattened BCFs. Finally, no significant differences were observed for HS amount (~0.9\u20131.3\u2009\u00b5g\u2009ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) between the two BCF types even if a greater content was determined for flattened samples. The specifically <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010sulphated sequences in flattened BCF HS can exert biologic capacity by regulating growth factors activity. On the other hand, we cannot exclude a peculiar regulation of the activity of biomolecules in apocrine BCF by HS richer in <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010acetylated disaccharides. In fact, the different patterns of growth factors and active biocompounds in the two types of cysts may require different regulation by specific sequences in the HS backbone possessing specific structural characteristics and distinctive chemical groups. Copyright \u00a9 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,6]],"date-time":"2015-03-06T08:36:07Z","timestamp":1425630967000},"page":"128-133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Breast cyst fluid heparan sulphate is distinctively <i>N<\/i>\u2010sulphated depending on apocrine or flattened type"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Mannello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Unit of Cell Biology University \u201cCarlo Bo\u201d  Urbino 61029 Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Maccari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia  Modena 41125 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