{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T23:20:25Z","timestamp":1778714425219,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]],"date-time":"2016-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1461196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Biochemistry &amp;amp; Function"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The effect of vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> in oral solution (VD<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) and vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2010loaded nanocapsules (NC\u2010VD<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) was analysed in animals with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis (AR). For this purpose, we evaluated scores for arthritis, thermal hyperalgesia and paw oedema, as well as histological analyses and measurements of the activity of the ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E\u2010NTPDase) and ecto\u2010adenosine deaminase (E\u2010ADA) enzymes in rat lymphocytes. Haematological and biochemical parameters were also determined. The doses administered were 120\u2009UI\/day of VD<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> and 15.84\u2009UI\/day of NC\u2010VD<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. Fifteen days after the induction of AR, the groups were treated for 15\u2009days with vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. The results demonstrated that VD<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> was able to reduce arthritis scores, thermal hyperalgesia and paw oedema in rats with CFA\u2010induced arthritis. However, treatment with NC\u2010VD<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> did not reduce arthritis scores. The histological analyses showed that both formulations were able to reduce the inflammatory changes induced by CFA. The activity of E\u2010NTPDase in rat lymphocytes was higher in the AR compared with the control group, while the activity of E\u2010ADA was lower. This effect was reversed after the 15\u2010day treatment. Data from this study indicates that both forms of vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> seem to contribute to decreasing the inflammatory process induced by CFA, possibly altering the activities of ectoenzymes.  Copyright \u00a9 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance of the Study<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effects promoted by both formulations of vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, either in oral solution or nanoencapsulated form, strongly suggests the softening of the inflammatory process induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), possibly altering the E\u2010NTPDase and E\u2010ADA activities. However, it is known that vitamin D has a beneficial effect on the modulation of the immune system components responsible for the inflammatory process. Moreover, the establishment of responses to treatment with vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> may provide an alternative for inhibiting the proinflammatory response, assisting in our understanding of the immunopathology of this disease and possibly improving the signs and symptoms that hinder the quality of life of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Highlights:\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Evaluation of the effects on the E\u2010NTPDase and E\u2010ADA activities in an animal model of induced arthritis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Two formulations of vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> were used: form oral solution and nanoencapsulated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> seems to contribute to the inflammatory process induced by CFA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> possibly alters the E\u2010NTPDase and E\u2010ADA activities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> may be an alternative supplementary treatment for chronic arthritis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,22]],"date-time":"2016-04-22T05:28:46Z","timestamp":1461302926000},"page":"262-273","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Free and nanoencapsulated vitamin D<sub>3<\/sub>: effects on E\u2010NTPDase and E\u2010ADA activities in an animal model with induced arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Karine Lanes","family":"da Silveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Programa de P\u00f3s\u2010Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas Universidade Federal de Santa Maria  Santa Maria RS Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo 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