{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T13:21:07Z","timestamp":1769520067217,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,13]],"date-time":"2018-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004366","name":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No : 5.D.49771"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No : 5.D.49771"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004366","name":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5.D.49771"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5.D.49771"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell Biochemistry &amp;amp; Function"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Abnormal activity of atherosclerotic endothelial cells paving luminal surface of blood vessels has been described in many diseases. It has been reported that natural polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid exert therapeutic effects in atherosclerotic condition. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with 1mM palmitic acid for 48\u00a0hours and exposed to 40\u03bcM docosahexaenoic acid for the next 24 hours. Real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to measure the expression of PTX3, iNOS, and eNOS. The level of nitric oxide was detected by Griess reagent. The transcription level of genes participating in coagulation and blood pressure was studied by polymerase chain reaction array. Docosahexaenoic acid improved the survival rate by reducing apoptosis rate (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05). Compared with that of the group given palmitic acid, attenuation of proinflammatory status was indicated by reduced interleukin\u20106 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05) and prostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> levels. All genes <jats:italic>PTX3<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>iNOS<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>eNOS<\/jats:italic> were down\u2010regulated after being exposed to docosahexaenoic acid. Nitric oxide contents were not changed in cells exposed to docosahexaenoic acid. Polymerase chain reaction array confirmed the reduction of LPA, PDGF\u03b2, ITGA2, SERPINE1, and FGA after exposure to docosahexaenoic acid for 24\u00a0hours (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05). Docosahexaenoic acid had potential to blunt atherosclerotic changes in the modulation of genes controlling blood coagulation, pressure, and platelet function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance of the study<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current experiment showed that docosahexaenoic acid could reverse atherosclerotic changes in human endothelial cells induced by palmitic acid. The increased levels of interleukin\u20106 and prostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> in atherosclerotic cells were returned to near\u2010to\u2010normal status. Gene expression analysis showed a reduced activity of genes participating in atherosclerotic endothelial cells treated by docosahexaenoic acid. The expression of genes related to cell clotting activity was also similar to that of normal cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,13]],"date-time":"2018-04-13T17:10:13Z","timestamp":1523639413000},"page":"203-211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Docosahexaenoic acid reversed atherosclerotic changes in human endothelial cells induced by palmitic acid in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Saeede","family":"Karbasforush","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences  Tabriz Iran"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Sciences  Tabriz 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