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NGF and TGF\u2010\u03b21 were used to induce chondrogenesis of MSCs from rabbits for 7\u00a0days. Total RNA was extracted for mRNA sequencing. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), gene ontology (GO), KEGG pathway enrichment, and PPI network analysis were conducted to screen the specific signalling pathways and target genes. Quantitative real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (qRT\u2010PCR) was performed to further confirm the relative target genes. The results showed that NGF could significantly promote the expression of hyaline cartilage specific genes (collagen type II alpha 1 chain, COL2A1) compared with TGF\u2010\u03b21. PI3K\u2010AKT signalling pathway is commonly involved in the chondrogenesis of MSCs induced by NGF and TGF\u2010\u03b21. However, the expression levels of the genes in the PI3K\u2010AKT signalling pathway were significantly higher in NGF group than that in the TGF\u2010\u03b21 group. In the process of chondrogenesis of MSCs induced by NGF and TGF\u2010\u03b21, integrin (ITGAs) were the targeted hub genes to activate the PI3K\u2010AKT signalling pathway. NGF could activate more proliferation and differentiation genes in the process of chondrogenesis of MSCs than TGF\u2010\u03b21. TGF\u2010\u03b21 promoted angiogenesis by targeting the thrombospondin (THBS1) and THBS2 which might contribute to the osteophyte formation. PI3K\u2010AKT was the crucial signalling pathway for chondrogenic differentiation. NGF could activate the PI3K\u2010AKT signalling pathway to a higher level, and NGF had more specificity for promoting expression of specific genes of chondrocyte compared with TGF\u2010\u03b21.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance of the study<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our study, we compared two different growth factors in promoting cartilage differentiation of MSCs and found some similarities and differences. We revealed that both NGF and TGF\u2010\u03b21 could activate the PI3K\u2010AKT signalling pathway (the expression of it in NGF was higher) by targeting the ITGAs in the process of chondrogenesis from MSCs. However, NGF could activate more proliferation and differentiation genes in the process of chondrogenesis of MSCs, whereas TGF\u2010\u03b21 caused osteophyte formation by activating THBS1 and THBS2. These might be the reason why NGF could promote cartilage differentiation more specifically.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,8]],"date-time":"2019-05-08T06:49:06Z","timestamp":1557298146000},"page":"359-367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Comparative profiling of chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) driven by two different growth factors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Xintang","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University  Nanning China"},{"name":"Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University  Nanning 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