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Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are often prescribed in combination with metformin or DPP\u20104 inhibitors (sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin) or a combined dose of metformin and DPP\u20104 inhibitor to treat gastritis in diabetic patients. This review article mainly focused on evaluating the potential drug\u2013drug interactions (DDIs) between PPIs (i.e. esomeprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole) with metformin and PPIs with DPP\u20104 inhibitors. The findings demonstrated the existence of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic DDIs between the aforementioned PPIs with metformin and DPP\u20104 inhibitors, which could impact the biological activities (i.e., hypoglycemia) of these drugs. Moreover, this review suggested that esomeprazole could be the best drug in the PPI group to be prescribed simultaneously with metformin and DPP\u20104 inhibitors, as most of the antidiabetic drugs of this study did not show any interaction with esomeprazole. The findings of this study also revealed that both antidiabetic drugs and PPIs could have positive interactions as PPIs have the potential to lessen the gastrointestinal side effects of metformin and DPP\u20104 inhibitors. To achieve the greatest therapeutic impact with the fewest side effects, careful dose control of these drugs is required. So, more extensive research on both human and animal subjects are needed to ascertain the veracity of this hypothesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:38:00Z","timestamp":1710376680000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A comprehensive review on potential drug\u2013drug interactions of proton pump inhibitors with antidiabetic drugs metformin and DPP\u20104 inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5493-5262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jarin","family":"Tasnim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najihah Mohd","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Natural Products Research and Drug Discovery Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heh Choon","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55080436"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja049607w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001610-200309000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.7927"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i10.1122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107315"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bpj.v16i2.22303"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2005.05.010"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"2209","article-title":"Endogenous glucose\u2010dependent insulinotropic polypeptide contributes to sitagliptin\u2010mediated improvement in \u03b2\u2010cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"71","author":"Stensen S","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2018.09.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Metformin as first choice in oral diabetes treatment: the UKPDS experience","author":"Holman R","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journ Annu Diabetol Hotel Dieu"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1299"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3844-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0416-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-020-00447-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15070810"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7609.1000220"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-016-0421-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"DRUGBANK online. 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