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Macrophages have been implicated as a factor in the development of SLE through faulty phagocytosis of dead cells or an imbalanced M1\/M2 ratio. The study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus delbrueckii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    on M1 and M2 macrophages in new case lupus patients. For this purpose, blood monocytes were collected from lupus patients and healthy people and were cultured for 5 days to produce macrophages. For 48\u2009h, the macrophages were then cocultured with either probiotics or lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Flow cytometry and real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction\u00a0were then used to analyze the expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) 14, CD80, and human leukocyte antigen \u2013 DR (HLADR)\u00a0markers, as well as cytokine expression (interleukin [IL]1\u2010\u03b2,\u00a0IL\u201012,\u00a0tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 [TNF\u2010\u03b1],\u00a0IL\u201010, and transforming growth factor beta [TGF\u2010\u03b2]).\u00a0The results indicated three distinct macrophage populations, M0, M1, and M2. In both control and patient\u2010derived macrophage\u2010derived monocytes (MDMs), the probiotic groups showed a decrease in CD14, CD80, and HLADR expression compared to the LPS group. This decrease was particularly evident in M0 and M2 macrophages from lupus patients and M1 macrophages from healthy subjects. In addition, the probiotic groups showed increased levels of IL\u201010 and TGF\u2010\u03b2 and decreased levels of IL\u201012, IL1\u2010\u03b2, and TNF\u2010\u03b1 in MDMs from both healthy and lupus subjects compared to the LPS groups. Although there was a higher expression of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines in lupus patients, there was a higher expression of anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines in healthy subjects. In general,\n                    <jats:italic>L. delbrueckii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>L. rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    could induce anti\u2010inflammatory effects on MDMs from both healthy and lupus subjects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T02:45:09Z","timestamp":1710989109000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Tolerogenic probiotics\u00a0\n                    <i>Lactobacillus delbrueckii<\/i>\n                    \u00a0and\n                    <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/i>\n                    promote anti\u2010inflammatory profile of macrophages\u2010derived monocytes of newly diagnosed patients with systemic lupus erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Zahra","family":"Javanmardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houshang","family":"Rafatpanah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Centre, Division of Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Mashhad University of Medical 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