{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T01:51:53Z","timestamp":1785808313031,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell Biochemistry &amp;amp; Function"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Safe chemicals for drug withdrawal can be extracted from natural sources. This study investigates the effects of clonidine and <jats:italic>Thymbra spicata<\/jats:italic> extract (TSE) on mice suffering from morphine withdrawal syndrome. Thymol, which is the active constituent in TSE, was also tested. A total of 90 mice were divided into nine groups. Group 1 was the control group, while Group\u00a02 was given only morphine, and Group 3 received morphine and 0.2\u2009mg\/kg of clonidine. Groups 4\u20136 were given morphine along with 100, 200, and 300\u2009mg\/kg of TSE, respectively. Groups 7\u20139 received morphine plus 30, 60, and 90\u2009mg\/kg of Thymol, respectively, for 7 days. An oral naloxone challenge of 3\u2009mg\/kg was used to induce withdrawal syndrome in all groups. Improvement of liver enzyme levels (aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine transaminase) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01) and behavioral responses (frequencies of jumping, frequencies of two\u2010legged standing, Straub tail reaction) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01) were significantly observed in the groups receiving TSE and Thymol (Groups 4\u20139) compared to Group 2. Additionally, antioxidant activity in these groups was improved compared to Group 2. Nitric oxide\u00a0significantly decreased in Groups 4 and 6 compared to Groups 2 and 3 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01). Superoxide dismutase\u00a0increased dramatically in Groups 5, 8, and 9 compared to Groups 2 and 3 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01). Groups 5\u20139 were significantly different from Group 2 in terms of malondialdehyde\u00a0levels (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01). Certain doses of TSE and Thymol were found to alleviate the narcotics withdrawal symptoms. This similar effect to clonidine can pave the way for their administration in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.4084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T08:59:03Z","timestamp":1720083543000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of <i>Thymbra spicata<\/i> extract and Thymol on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice (insights to the liver function, antioxidant, and behavioral responses)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1342-553X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Maleki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Ilam University of Medical Sciences Ilam 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