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Although the role of neuroinflammation and cellular immunity in PD has been extensively studied, the involvement of humoral immunity mediated by antibodies and B cells has received less attention. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current understanding of humoral immunity in PD. Here, we discuss alterations in B cells in PD, including changes in their number and phenotype. Evidence mostly indicates a decrease in the quantity of B cells in PD, accompanied by a shift in the population from na\u00efve to memory cells. Furthermore, the existence of autoantibodies that target several antigens in PD has been investigated (i.e., anti\u2010\u03b1\u2010syn autoantibodies, anti\u2010glial\u2010derived antigen antibodies, anti\u2010Tau antibodies, antineuromelanin antibodies, and antibodies against the renin\u2010angiotensin system). Several autoantibodies are generated in PD, which may either provide protection or have harmful effects on disease progression. Furthermore, we have reviewed studies focusing on the utilization of antibodies as a potential treatment for PD, both in animal and clinical trials. This review sheds light on the intricate interplay between antibodies and the pathological processes in PD, including complement system activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.4109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T06:28:49Z","timestamp":1724740129000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The humoral immune landscape in Parkinson's disease: Unraveling antibody and B cell changes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Zahra","family":"Baridjavadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad 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