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Challenges such as limited efficacy in low\u2010income regions, safety concerns for immunocompromised individuals, and cold\u2010chain dependency necessitate alternative vaccine strategies. Subunit vaccines, which use specific viral proteins to elicit immunity, provide a safer and more adaptable approach. This review highlights biotechnological advancements in producing subunit vaccines, focusing on recombinant expression systems like bacterial, yeast, insect, mammalian, and plant\u2010based platforms for scalable and cost\u2010effective production of viral proteins. Key innovations include molecular engineering, adjuvant development, and delivery system improvements to enhance vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy. Subunit vaccines and virus\u2010like particles expressed in various systems have demonstrated promising preclinical and clinical results, with some candidates nearing commercial readiness. 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