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In the central nervous system (CNS), this pathway demonstrates highly context\u2010specific and cell\u2010type\u2010dependent functions, ranging from promoting neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), to modulating immune surveillance and therapeutic responsiveness in glioma. This review systematically delineates the molecular mechanisms, activation patterns, and regulatory networks of cGAS\u2013STING signaling in the CNS. We highlight its dualistic roles in both inflammatory exacerbation and antitumor immunity, and further discuss recent advances in therapeutic strategies, including pharmacological modulators, blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB)\u2010penetrating delivery platforms, and nanotechnology\u2010based precision interventions. Finally, we propose future directions focused on decoding tissue\u2010specific immunodynamics and developing spatiotemporally controlled, multiorgan immunoregulatory frameworks. 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