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Sequencing of the 33.28 kb DNA region of the cosmid cosRav32 and the 34.65 kb DNA region of cosChry1\u20101 and cosChryF2 revealed 36 and 35 open reading frames (ORFs), respectively, harboring tandem sets of type II polyketide synthase (PKS) genes, <jats:sc>D<\/jats:sc>\u2010ravidosamine and <jats:sc>D<\/jats:sc>\u2010virenose biosynthetic genes, post\u2010PKS tailoring genes, regulatory genes, and genes of unknown function. The isolated ravidomycin gene cluster was confirmed to be involved in ravidomycin biosynthesis through the production of a new analogue of ravidomycin along with anticipated pathway intermediates and biosynthetic shunt products upon heterologous expression of the cosmid, cosRav32, in<\/jats:italic> Streptomyces lividans <jats:italic>TK24. The identity of the cluster was further verified through cross complementation of gilvocarcin V (GV) mutants. Similarly, the chrysomycin gene cluster was demonstrated to be indirectly involved in chrysomycin biosynthesis through cross\u2010complementation of gilvocarcin mutants deficient in the oxygenases GilOII, GilOIII, and GilOIV with the respective chrysomycin monooxygenase homologues. The ravidomycin glycosyltransferase (RavGT) appears to be able to transfer both amino\u2010 and neutral sugars, exemplified through the structurally distinct 6\u2010membered <jats:sc>D<\/jats:sc>\u2010ravidosamine and 5\u2010membered <jats:sc>D<\/jats:sc>\u2010fucofuranose, to the coumarin\u2010based polyketide derived backbone. These results expand the library of biosynthetic genes involved in the biosyntheses of gilvocarcin class compounds that can be used to generate novel analogues through combinatorial biosynthesis.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.200900673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,5]],"date-time":"2010-02-05T09:23:29Z","timestamp":1265361809000},"page":"523-532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Cloning and Characterization of the Ravidomycin and Chrysomycin Biosynthetic Gene Clusters"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Madan K.","family":"Kharel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. 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