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Biofilm inhibitors, therefore, have the potential to be used alone or as adjuvants to conventional antibiotic therapies. Here, we screened a chemically diverse collection of protein kinase inhibitors for molecules that perturb biofilm development. Among the inhibitory molecules identified, palmitoyl\u2010<jats:sc>dl<\/jats:sc>\u2010carnitine (p<jats:sc>dl<\/jats:sc>c) impaired <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> biofilm formation in a dose\u2010dependent manner. The p<jats:sc>dl<\/jats:sc>c affected multiple pathways implicated in <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> biofilm development; it stimulated motility, inhibited activity of the Las quorum sensing system, and overrode the biofilm\u2010promoting effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of aminoglycosides and high levels of the second messenger, cyclic\u2010di\u2010GMP. Palmitic acid, but not carnitine, inhibited biofilm formation but did not stimulate motility, suggesting that p<jats:sc>dl<\/jats:sc>c works through unique mechanisms. The ability to target multiple pathways involved in biofilm formation is desirable in an inhibitor, which makes p<jats:sc>dl<\/jats:sc>c an interesting lead for antibiofilm therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201100500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,2]],"date-time":"2011-11-02T02:41:45Z","timestamp":1320201705000},"page":"2759-2766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Palmitoyl\u2010<scp>dl<\/scp>\u2010Carnitine is a Multitarget Inhibitor of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i> Biofilm Development"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Iwona B.","family":"Wenderska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"McNulty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard D.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori L.","family":"Burrows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/5.2.279"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(85)90185-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.4.847-867.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-2468-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399410001766"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399410001420"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.6.2521-2528.1998","volume":"66","author":"Storey D. 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