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Specifically, pathogenic apicomplexan parasites, responsible for billions of global infections, have been found to possess multiple biosynthetic gene clusters, which hints at their capacity to produce polyketide metabolites. Biochemical studies have revealed unique features of apicomplexan polyketide synthases, but to date, the identity and function of the polyketides synthesized by these megaenzymes remains unknown. Herein, we discuss the potential for specialized metabolite production in protists and the possible evolution of polyketide biosynthetic gene clusters in apicomplexan parasites. We then focus on a polyketide synthase from the apicomplexan <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> to discuss the unique domain architecture and properties of these proteins when compared to previously characterized systems, and further speculate on the possible functions for polyketides in these pathogenic parasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202300263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T10:49:32Z","timestamp":1683888572000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Examination of Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis in Apicomplexa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Hannah K.","family":"D'Ambrosio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Duke University  124 Science Drive Durham NC 27708 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron M.","family":"Keeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Duke University  124 Science Drive Durham NC 27708 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6664-8844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily R.","family":"Derbyshire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Duke University  124 Science Drive Durham NC 27708 USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Duke University Medical Center 213 Research Drive  Durham NC 27710 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(92)90553-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2009.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.44.100190.002143"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja3052156"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0491(99)00107-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2006.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2020.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NP00141A"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.006940"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00504"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NP00005J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm0704090"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b01285"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr0503097"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.43.100189.001133"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B916096E"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1266"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201800124"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00076-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01050-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(02)00396-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00369-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2011.86"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0768-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules171112771"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2008.10.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1998.2560528.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(92)90111-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md17090491"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2867-13-1","volume":"13","author":"Lee J. 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