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As a foundational technology for cell\u2010based biomedicine, cryopreservation relies on cryoprotectants (CPAs) to mitigate freezing\u2010induced damage, such as ice formation, protein denaturation, and oxidative stress. However, conventional CPAs like dimethyl sulfoxide and glycerol face practical limitations, including cytotoxicity and cumbersome removal processes, driving the need for novel alternatives. In nature, psychrophilic organisms produce stress\u2010tolerant proteins, such as antifreeze proteins and late embryogenesis abundant proteins, thus enabling themselves to survive in subzero conditions by controlling ice growth, stabilizing membranes, and performing other protective functions. Inspired by these natural systems, this review aims to explore the potential of protein and peptide\u2010based materials as next\u2010generation CPAs. We systematically summarize the characteristics, mechanisms, and cryopreservation applications of natural stress\u2010resistant proteins and their synthetic mimics. 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