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Their design has progressed from traditional experimental screening to advanced computational approaches, such as structure\u2010based rational design and artificial intelligence\u2010driven generation. These methods have substantially enhanced screening efficiency and binding performance. For pathogen detection, biosensors employing peptide aptamers enable the rapid, sensitive, and specific identification of viruses, parasites, and other pathogens. Although challenges in affinity and stability remain, ongoing innovation positions peptide aptamers as a promising molecular tool for next\u2010generation diagnostic platforms. This review systematically summarizes the design and key technological advances in peptide aptamers, emphasizing both traditional experimental screening and computer\u2010aided design strategies. 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